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Black liquor (BL) is a by-product of the chemical pulping industry and is mainly used as a low-value fuel; however, its potential to produce high-value products has not been fully exploited. In this study, a green and simple strategy is reported for the gradient production of Na+-functionalized carbon quantum dots (Na+-CQDs) for the first time, N and S co-doped CQDs (N/S-CQDs), and N and S co-doped KOH-activated carbon (N/S-KAC) from BL by dialysis, hydrothermal carbonization and activation-carbonization, respectively. Due to the good electron trapping ability, photoluminescence and promising up-conversion luminescence of CQDs, the hydrogen evolution efficiency of Na+-CQDs/TiO2 and N/S-CQDs/TiO2 photocatalysts was improved by 2.45 and 1.46 times, respectively, compared with pure TiO2. N/S-KAC with a high specific surface area of 2294 m2 g− 1 provides an excellent specific capacitance of 253 F g− 1 at 0.5 A g− 1 and a promising energy density of 26.92 Wh kg− 1 under a power density of 566 W kg− 1 for the fabricated symmetrical supercapacitor. Moreover, the electrode material has good cycling stability with a capacitance retention of ~ 93.91% after 5000 cycles. This pathway provides a versatile and scalable approach for the construction and co-production of nanostructured materials, photocatalysts and energy storage devices.

In recent years, multiple plane structures of satellite galaxies have been identified in the nearby Universe, although their formation mechanisms remain unclear. In this work, we employ the TNG50-1 numerical simulation to classify satellite systems into plane and nonplane structures, based on their geometric and dynamical properties. We focus on comparing the characteristics of these plane and nonplane structures. The plane structures in TNG50-1 exhibit a mean height of 5.24 kpc, with most of them found in galaxy groups with intermediate halo virial masses within the narrow range of 1011.5–1012.5M⊙. Statistical analyses reveal that plane structures of satellite galaxies constitute approximately 11.30% in TNG50-1, with this proportion increasing to 27.11% in TNG100-1, aligning closely with previous observations. Additionally, central galaxies in clusters and groups hosting corotating plane structures are intermediate massive and slightly metal-poorer than those in nonplane structures. Significant differences are found between in-plane and out-of-plane satellite galaxies, suggesting that in-plane satellites exhibit slightly longer formation times and more active interstellar matter cycles. The satellites within these plane structures in TNG50-1 exhibit similar radial distributions with observations but are fainter and more massive than those in observational plane structures due to the over- or underestimation of galaxy properties in simulations. Our analysis also shows that the satellite plane structures might be affected by some low- or high-mass galaxies temporarily entering the plane structures due to the gravitational potential of the clusters and groups after the plane structures had formed.

Soil harbors a vast expanse of unidentified microbes, termed as microbial dark matter, presenting an untapped reservoir of microbial biodiversity and genetic resources, but has yet to be fully explored. In this study, we conduct a large-scale excavation of soil microbial dark matter by reconstructing 40,039 metagenome-assembled genome bins (the SMAG catalogue) from 3304 soil metagenomes. We identify 16,530 of 21,077 species-level genome bins (SGBs) as unknown SGBs (uSGBs), which expand archaeal and bacterial diversity across the tree of life. We also illustrate the pivotal role of uSGBs in augmenting soil microbiome’s functional landscape and intra-species genome diversity, providing large proportions of the 43,169 biosynthetic gene clusters and 8545 CRISPR-Cas genes. Additionally, we determine that uSGBs contributed 84.6% of previously unexplored viral-host associations from the SMAG catalogue. The SMAG catalogue provides an useful genomic resource for further studies investigating soil microbial biodiversity and genetic resources. Soil conceals a vast realm of unexplored microbes, often referred to as the “microbial dark matter.” This hidden universe boasts a rich tapestry of microbial and genetic biodiversity. Here, the authors introduce the SMAG catalogue, comprising of 40,039 metagenome-assembled genomes from 3304 soil metagenomes, and uncovering 21,077 species-level genome bins.

Unlike those in the nonmagnetized counterpart, equatorial photon effective potentials outside the horizons allow for the existence of closed pockets or potential wells corresponding to local minimum values in a magnetized Kerr–Newman spacetime of Gibbons et al. There are three bound photon orbits, which neither fall into the black hole nor escape to infinity. They are stable circular orbits, bound quasiperiodic orbits and bound chaotic orbits. The stable circular photon orbits and bound quasiperiodic photon orbits are allowed on and outside the equatorial plane, but the bound chaotic photon orbits are only allowed outside the equatorial plane. On the other hand, the photon effective potentials have potential barriers with local maximum values in the magnetized case, similar to those in the nonmagnetized case. This fact means the existence of three other photon orbits, which include the photons falling to the center, scattering to infinity and unstably circling in the center. They are not necessarily restricted to the equatorial plane, either. The six types of photon orbits are confirmed numerically via an explicit symplectic integrator and the techniques of fast Lyapunov indicators and 0–1 test correlation method. In particular, a number of bound quasiperiodic photon orbits and bound chaotic photon orbits are found. The method for finding these six types of photon orbits in the phase space will also be used as a new ray-tracing method to find the corresponding six regions on the observer’s plane and to obtain black hole shadows.

Diabetic foot ulcers have caused significant medical, economic and social consequences for patients, families and society. With appropriate treatment, many diabetic foot ulcers can heal, temporarily avoiding possible amputation. Unfortunately, even if foot ulcers subside, recurrence is still common. The recurrence of ulcer has brought another physical and psychological trauma to diabetic foot patients who yearn for a better life. Therefore, it may be more useful to evaluate the factors associated with ulcer recurrence in diabetic foot ulcer patients. The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were comprehensively searched for prospective or retrospective studies published up to February 1, 2024. All English or Chinese language studies on diabetic foot ulcer patients who experience recurrence were included, and RevMan 5.3 software was used to analyze the data. A total of 22 studies meeting the eligibility criteria were ultimately included in this meta-analysis. 1861 of 5252 diabetic foot ulcer patients experienced recurrence during follow-up. The following variables were associated with an increased risk of ulcer recurrence: male (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.10 ~ 1.44, P = 0.0009), smoking history (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04 ~ 1.35, P = 0.01), living alone (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.21 ~ 2.86, P = 0.004), plantar ulcers (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.41 ~ 4.23, P = 0.001), diabetic retinopathy (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.35 ~ 1.88, P < 0.00001), diabetic nephropathy (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.12 ~ 1.68, P = 0.002), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.45 ~ 2.19, P < 0.00001), foot deformity (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.85 ~ 3.40 P < 0.00001) and peripheral arterial disease (OR = 3.10, 95% CI = 2.43 ~ 3.95 P < 0.00001). However, hypertension (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.96 ~ 1.40, P = 0.13) and body mass index (MD = 0.20, 95% CI = -0.12 ~ 0.53, P = 0.22) were not associated with diabetic foot ulcer recurrence. Our meta-analysis identified the following important risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer recurrence: male sex, smoking history, living alone, plantar ulcer, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, foot deformity, and peripheral arterial disease. Understanding these factors and their impact on ulcer recurrence is crucial for multidisciplinary teams to develop management and treatment plans for diabetic foot ulcer patients.

The development of autonomous driving technology is reshaping transportation methods. However, the significant decline in perception capabilities under low-light conditions such as rain, fog, and nighttime remains a key bottleneck restricting its widespread application. This paper proposes SafeDrive-Fusion, a novel illumination-adaptive multimodal perception framework that introduces dynamic cross-modal attention fusion and safety-critical region prioritization for robust road passability assessment in autonomous driving. Unlike existing static fusion approaches, this framework addresses the problem of significantly reduced perception capabilities in dim environments through an innovative illumination-adaptive weighting mechanism that dynamically integrates visual and radar information while prioritizing safety-critical road regions. Experimental results show that SafeDrive-Fusion maintains 87.5% accuracy even under extremely low-light conditions, with a performance degradation of only 6.1%, far superior to existing methods’ degradation range of 16.6%-34.8%. Particularly in safety-critical “hazardous situation” recognition, the system achieves an F1 score of 0.82, which is 0.40 higher than baseline methods. Through its illumination-adaptive modal weight dynamic adjustment mechanism, the system can automatically adjust its dependence on different modalities according to environmental conditions. As illumination decreases from normal to extremely low, the radar modality weight increases from 25% to 62%. Meanwhile, SafeDrive-Fusion features a low computational latency of 45ms, meeting the real-time requirements of autonomous driving.

Crystal structures of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1-carbohydrazide (1), 4-(trifluoromethyl)-N’-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonylbenzohydrazide (2) and (1R,2S,6R,7S,8S,10R)-4-([4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonylamino)-4-azatetracyclo [5.3.2.08,10.02,6]dodec-11-ene-3,5-dione (3) were first reported. Besides the three new single-crystal structures, the single-crystal structure of tecovirimat (4) was also described herein. Hirshfeld analysis quantified intermolecular interactions, and PXRD confirmed high crystal phase purity. DSC data and packing energy calculations demonstrated that the melting point order matched the magnitude of packing energies for compounds with similar structures and analogous intermolecular interactions. According to the ICH M7 guidelines, in silico genotoxicity assessment using Derek Nexus and Sarah Nexus indicated that 2 showed no structural alerts for genotoxicity (ICH M7 Class 5), whereas 1 and 3 were classified as ICH M7 Class 3 due to structural features associated with potential genotoxicity, warranting further experimental evaluation.

Background Mouth breathing is closely related to the facial skeletal development and malocclusion. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development and malocclusion in children. Methods An electronic search in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE and Sigle through February 23rd, 2020, was conducted. Inclusion criteria were children under 18 years of age with maxillofacial deformities due to mouth breathing. The risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for controlled clinical trials. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used for the quality assessment. The included indicators were SNA, SNB, ANB, SN-OP, SN-PP, PP-MP, SNGoGn, MP-H, 1-NA, 1. NA, 1. NB, 1-NB, Overjet, Overbite, SPAS, PAS, and C3-H. Data concerning the mean difference in mesial molar movement and extent of canine retraction were extracted for statistical analysis. The mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were analyzed for continuous data. Review Manager 5.3, was used to synthesize various parameters associated with the impact of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development and malocclusion. Results Following full-text evaluations for eligibility, 10 studies were included in the final quantitative synthesis. In Sagittal direction, SNA (MD: − 1.63, P  < 0.0001), SNB (MD: − 1.96, P  < 0.0001) in mouth-breathing children was lower than that in nasal-breathing children. ANB (MD: 0.90, P  < 0.0001), 1. NA (MD: 1.96, P  = 0.009), 1-NA (MD: 0.66, P  = 0.004), and 1-NB (MD: 1.03, P  < 0.0001) showed higher values in children with mouth breathing. In vertical direction, SN-PP (MD: 0.68, P  = 0.0050), SN-OP (MD: 3.05, P  < 0.0001), PP-MP (MD: 4.92, P  < 0.0001) and SNGoGn (MD: 4.10, P  < 0.0001) were higher in mouth-breathing individuals. In airway, SPAS (MD: − 3.48, P  = 0.0009), PAS (MD: − 2.11, P  < 0.0001), and C3-H (MD: − 1.34, P  < 0.0001) were lower in mouth breathing group. Conclusions The results showed that the mandible and maxilla rotated backward and downward, and the occlusal plane was steep. In addition, mouth breathing presented a tendency of labial inclination of the upper anterior teeth. Airway stenosis was common in mouth-breathing children. Trial registration crd-register@york.ac.uk, registration number CRD42019129198.

With lifestyle changes, chronic diseases have become a public health problem worldwide, causing a huge burden on the global economy. Risk factors associated with chronic diseases mainly include abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, elevated triglycerides, cancer, and other characteristics. Plant-sourced proteins have received more and more attention in the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases in recent years. Soybean is a low-cost, high-quality protein resource that contains 40% protein. Soybean peptides have been widely studied in the regulation of chronic diseases. In this review, the structure, function, absorption, and metabolism of soybean peptides are introduced briefly. The regulatory effects of soybean peptides on a few main chronic diseases were also reviewed, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and cancer. We also addressed the shortcomings of functional research on soybean proteins and peptides in chronic diseases and the possible directions in the future.

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria represent a global threat to human health. However, due to the abuse of antibiotics, drug-resistant bacteria have evolved rapidly and led to the failure of antibiotics treatment. Alternative antimicrobial strategies different to traditional antibiotics are urgently needed. Enzyme-based antibacterials (Enzybiotics) have gradually attracted interest owing to their advantages including high specificity, rapid mode-of-action, no resistance development, etc. However, due to their low stability, potential immunogenicity, and high cost of natural enzymes, enzybiotics have limitations in practical antibacterial therapy. In recent years, many nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities (Nanozymes) have been discovered as a new generation of artificial enzymes and perform catalytic antibacterial effects against bacterial resistance. To highlight the progress in this field of nanozyme-based antibacterials (Nanozybiotics), this review discussed the antibacterial mechanism of action of nanozybiotics with a comparison with enzybiotics. We propose that nanozybiotics may bear promising applications in antibacterial therapy, due to their high stability, rapid bacterial killing, biofilm elimination, and low cost.