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The design and synthesis of novel energetic compounds with integrated properties of high density, high energy, good thermal stability and sensitivities is particularly challenging due to the inherent contradiction between energy and safety for energetic compounds. In this study, a novel structure of 4-amino-7,8-dinitropyrazolo-[5,1- d ] [1,2,3,5]-tetrazine 2-oxide (BITE-101) is designed and synthesized in three steps. With the help of the complementary advantages of different explosophoric groups and diverse weak interactions, BITE-101 is superior to the benchmark explosive HMX in all respects, including higher density of 1.957 g·cm −3 , highest decomposition temperature of 295 °C (onset) among CHON-based high explosives to date and superior detonation velocity and pressure ( D : 9314 m·s −1 , P : 39.3 GPa), impact and friction sensitivities ( IS : 18 J, FS : 128 N), thereby showing great potential for practical application as replacement for HMX, the most powerful military explosive in current use. The design of high energy density materials (HEDM) with good detonation performance but which are also safe to handle is challenging. Here, the authors synthesize a PTX analogue and incorporate explosophoric groups to obtain an HEDM with improved detonation performance but low impact and friction sensitivity.

As life becomes richer day by day, the requirement for quality industrial products is becoming greater and greater. Therefore, image anomaly detection on industrial products is of significant importance and has become a research hotspot. Industrial manufacturers are also gradually intellectualizing how product parts may have flaws and defects, and that industrial product image anomalies have characteristics such as category diversity, sample scarcity, and the uncertainty of change; thus, a higher requirement for image anomaly detection has arisen. For this reason, we proposed a method of industrial image anomaly detection that applies a generative adversarial network based on attention feature fusion. For the purpose of capturing richer image channel features, we added attention feature fusion based on an encoder and decoder, and through skip-connection, this performs the feature fusion for the encode and decode vectors in the same dimension. During training, we used random cut-paste image augmentation, which improved the diversity of the datasets. We displayed the results of a wide experiment, which was based on the public industrial detection MVTec dataset. The experiment illustrated that the method we proposed has a higher level AUC and the overall result was increased by 4.1%. Finally, we realized the pixel level anomaly localization of the industrial dataset, which illustrates the feasibility and effectiveness of this method

The main findings are the hydroxyl radical scavenging and the superoxide anion diminishing by mixing the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) nanobubbles after hydrogen nanobubble blowing in water and alcohol aqueous solution. The nanobubbles produce the hydroxyl radical by ultrasonic waves, changing the pH and catalyst and so on, while the nanobubble is very reactive to scavenge free radicals. In this research especially hydrogen (4% H 2 in argon) and CO 2 nanobubbles have been blown into hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) added pure water, ethanol, and ethylene glycol aqueous solution through a porous ceramic sparger from the gas cylinder. The aqueous solutions with H 2 O 2 are irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) light and the produced hydroxyl radical amount is measured with spin trapping reagent and electron spin resonance (ESR). The CO 2 nanobubble blowing extremely has reduced the hydroxyl radical in water, ethanol, and ethylene glycol aqueous solution. On the other hand, when H 2 nanobubbles are brown after CO 2 nanobubble blowing, the hydroxyl radical amount has increased. For the disinfection test, the increase of hydroxyl radicals is useful to reduce the bacteria by the observation in the agar medium. Next, when the superoxide anion solution is mixed with nanobubble containing water, ethanol, and ethylene glycol aqueous solution, H 2 nanobubble has reduced the superoxide anion slightly. The water containing both CO 2 and H 2 nanobubble reduces the superoxide anion. The less than 20% ethanol and the 30% ethylene glycol aqueous solution containing CO 2 nanobubbles generated after H 2 nanobubble blowing can diminish the superoxide anion much more. While the H 2 nanobubble blowing after CO 2 nanobubble blowing scavenges the superoxide anion slightly. The experimental results have been considered using a chemical reaction formula.

The bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila creates an intracellular niche permissive for its replication by extensively modulating host-cell functions using hundreds of effector proteins delivered by its Dot/Icm secretion system 1 . Among these, members of the SidE family (SidEs) regulate several cellular processes through a unique phosphoribosyl ubiquitination mechanism that bypasses the canonical ubiquitination machinery 2 – 4 . The activity of SidEs is regulated by another Dot/Icm effector known as SidJ 5 ; however, the mechanism of this regulation is not completely understood 6 , 7 . Here we demonstrate that SidJ inhibits the activity of SidEs by inducing the covalent attachment of glutamate moieties to SdeA—a member of the SidE family—at E860, one of the catalytic residues that is required for the mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity involved in ubiquitin activation 2 . This inhibition by SidJ is spatially restricted in host cells because its activity requires the eukaryote-specific protein calmodulin (CaM). We solved a structure of SidJ–CaM in complex with AMP and found that the ATP used in this reaction is cleaved at the α-phosphate position by SidJ, which—in the absence of glutamate or modifiable SdeA—undergoes self-AMPylation. Our results reveal a mechanism of regulation in bacterial pathogenicity in which a glutamylation reaction that inhibits the activity of virulence factors is activated by host-factor-dependent acyl-adenylation. In Legionella pneumophila , the effector SidJ induces the covalent attachment of glutamate moieties to SdeA in a calmodulin-dependent manner, inhibiting SidE-mediated ubiquitination and regulating pathogenicity.

Background Among the major transcription factors, SPL plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress response. Foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ), as a C4 crop, is rich in nutrients and is beneficial to human health. However, research on the foxtail millet SPL (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE) gene family is limited.  Results In this study, a total of 18 SPL genes were identified for the comprehensive analysis of the whole genome of foxtail millet. These SiSPL genes were divided into seven subfamilies (I, II, III, V, VI, VII, and VIII) according to the classification of the Arabidopsis thaliana SPL gene family. Structural analysis of the SiSPL genes showed that the number of introns in subfamilies I and II were much larger than others, and the promoter regions of SiSPL genes were rich in different cis-acting elements. Among the 18 SiSPL genes, nine genes had putative binding sites with foxtail millet miR156. No tandem duplication events were found between the SiSPL genes, but four pairs of segmental duplications were detected. The SiSPL genes expression were detected in different tissues, which was generally highly expressed in seeds development process, especially SiSPL6 and SiSPL16, which deserve further study. The results of the expression levels of SiSPL genes under eight types of abiotic stresses showed that many stress responsive genes, especially SiSPL9 , SiSPL10 , and SiSPL16 , were highly expressed under multiple stresses, which deserves further attention. Conclusions In this research, 18 SPL genes were identified in foxtail millet, and their phylogenetic relationships, gene structural features, duplication events, gene expression and potential roles in foxtail millet development were studied. The findings provide a new perspective for the mining of the excellent SiSPL gene and the molecular breeding of foxtail millet.

Nanobubbles have many potential applications depending on their types. The long-term stability of different gas nanobubbles is necessary to be studied considering their applications. In the present study, five kinds of nanobubbles (N2, O2, Ar + 8%H2, air and CO2) in deionized water and a salt aqueous solution were prepared by the hydrodynamic cavitation method. The mean size and zeta potential of the nanobubbles were measured by a light scattering system, while the pH and Eh of the nanobubble suspensions were measured as a function of time. The nanobubble stability was predicted and discussed by the total potential energies between two bubbles by the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The nanobubbles, except CO2, in deionized water showed a long-term stability for 60 days, while they were not stable in the 1 mM (milli mol/L) salt aqueous solution. During the 60 days, the bubble size gradually increased and decreased in deionized water. This size change was discussed by the Ostwald ripening effect coupled with the bubble interaction evaluated by the extended DLVO theory. On the other hand, CO2 nanobubbles in deionized water were not stable and disappeared after 5 days, while the CO2 nanobubbles in 1 mM of NaCl and CaCl2 aqueous solution became stable for 2 weeks. The floating and disappearing phenomena of nanobubbles were estimated and discussed by calculating the relationship between the terminal velocity of the floating bubble and bubble size.

Nanobubbles have been applied in many fields, such as environmental cleaning, material production, agriculture, and medicine. However, the measured nanobubble sizes differed among the measurement methods, such as dynamic light scattering, particle trajectory, and resonance mass methods. Additionally, the measurement methods were limited with respect to the bubble concentration, refractive index of liquid, and liquid color. Here, a novel interactive force measurement method for bulk nanobubble size measurement was developed by measuring the force between two electrodes filled with bulk nanobubble-containing liquid under an electric field when the electrode distance was changed in the nm scale with piezoelectric equipment. The nanobubble size was measured with a bubble gas diameter and also an effective water thin film layer covered with a gas bubble that was estimated to be approximately 10 nm based on the difference between the median diameter of the particle trajectory method and this method. This method could also be applied to the solid particle size distribution measurement in a solution.

Hyperspectral remote sensing images have characteristics such as high dimensionality and high redundancy. This paper proposes a pseudo-label guided artificial bee colony band selection algorithm with hypergraph clustering (HC-ABC) to remove redundant and noise bands. Firstly, replacing traditional pixel points by super-pixel centers, a hypergraph evolutionary clustering method with low computational cost is developed to generate high-quality pseudo-labels; Then, on the basis of these pseudo-labels, taking classification accuracy as the optimized objective, a supervised band selection algorithm based on artificial bee colony is proposed. Moreover, a noise filtering mechanism based on grid division is designed to ensure the accuracy of pseudo-labels. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied in 3 real datasets and compared with 6 classical band selection algorithms. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain a band subset with high classification accuracy for all the three classifiers, KNN, Random Forest, and SVM.

Gallium alloys are ideal base carriers for temperature-sensitive ferrofluids, which can be used for energy convection, soft robotics, microchannels, magnetorheological devices, etc. In this study, gallium was mixed with different substances (In, Sn, Zn, Ge, and Al) to obtain a low melting point, reduce the wetness and adhesion of its alloys, and realize low viscosity. The melting point, contact angle on certain solid plates, viscosity, and viscoelasticity of the gallium alloys were measured, and some useful gallium alloys were obtained. The experimental results showed that Ga80In10Sn10 had lower wettability at a larger contact angle of 148.6° on the Teflon plate. Here, (Ga80In10Sn10)97Zn3 with a melting point of 8.2 °C, lower than the melting point of Galinstan, was developed. It had a viscosity about three times that of water at room temperature and an elastic response from 0.1 to 100 Hz at a 1% strain amplitude for the viscoelasticity. It was expected that a kind of temperature-sensitive magnetic fluid with a gallium-based liquid alloy as the base carrier liquid would be prepared in the future with Teflon as the container to achieve energy conversion under the drive of the magnetic field.

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is the currency of energy in cells; it plays essential roles in virtually all cellular processes, ranging from basic metabolism to signaling in development and disease. The opportunistic bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila utilizes the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system to deliver over 300 effectors into host cells, some of which utilize ATP to perform biochemical reactions catalyzed by their unique enzymatic activities. However, whether L. pneumophila directly regulates ATP level in host cells is unknown. Here, we discover that the Dot/Icm substrate Ceg14 (Lpg0437, a.k.a. SidL) is an ATP/dATPase, which after being activated by the host protein actin, efficiently converts ATP and dATP into adenosine and deoxyadenosine monophosphate, respectively by a mechanism that requires its S-HxxxE (x, any amino acid) motif. The activity of Ceg14 is regulated by its metaeffector AnkJ (Lpg0436, a.k.a. LegA11), which inhibits its ATPase activity via direct protein-protein interactions. Ceg14 and AnkJ impose temporal regulation of ATP levels in L. pneumophila -infected cells. Our results demonstrate that L. pneumophila modulates the energy level of host cells to create an environment permissive for its growth. The bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila is known to regulate a wide spectrum of host processes using its Dot/Icm effectors. In this work, He et al. provide insight into L. pneumophila regulation of ATP level in host cells.