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Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death that was discovered in recent years and is usually accompanied by a large amount of iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation during the cell death process; the occurrence of ferroptosis is iron-dependent. Ferroptosis-inducing factors can directly or indirectly affect glutathione peroxidase through different pathways, resulting in a decrease in antioxidant capacity and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, ultimately leading to oxidative cell death. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, such as tumors, nervous system diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, kidney injury, and blood diseases. How to intervene in the occurrence and development of related diseases by regulating cell ferroptosis has become a hotspot and focus of etiological research and treatment, but the functional changes and specific molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis still need to be further explored. This paper systematically summarizes the latest progress in ferroptosis research, with a focus on providing references for further understanding of its pathogenesis and for proposing new targets for the treatment of related diseases.

Quantum magnets provide the simplest example of strongly interacting quantum matter, yet they continue to resist a comprehensive understanding above one spatial dimension. We explore a promising framework in two dimensions, the Dirac spin liquid (DSL) — quantum electrodynamics (QED 3 ) with 4 Dirac fermions coupled to photons. Importantly, its excitations include magnetic monopoles that drive confinement. We address previously open key questions — the symmetry actions on monopoles on square, honeycomb, triangular and kagome lattices. The stability of the DSL is enhanced on triangular and kagome lattices compared to bipartite (square and honeycomb) lattices. We obtain the universal signatures of the DSL on triangular and kagome lattices, including those of monopole excitations, as a guide to numerics and experiments on existing materials. Even when unstable, the DSL helps unify and organize the plethora of ordered phases in correlated two-dimensional materials. The Dirac spin liquid is a candidate description for the strongly correlated behaviour of some quantum magnets. Song et al. study the symmetry dependence physics of monopole excitations and argue that the lattice-dependent consequences for magnetic ordering may provide a unifying picture for 2D quantum magnetism.

Defects in conformal field theory (CFT) are of significant theoretical and experimental importance. The presence of defects theoretically enriches the structure of the CFT, but at the same time, it makes it more challenging to study, especially in dimensions higher than two. Here, we demonstrate that the recently-developed theoretical scheme, fuzzy (non-commutative) sphere regularization , provides a powerful lens through which one can dissect the defect of 3D CFTs in a transparent way. As a notable example, we study the magnetic line defect of 3D Ising CFT and clearly demonstrate that it flows to a conformal defect fixed point. We have identified 6 low-lying defect primary operators, including the displacement operator, and accurately extract their scaling dimensions through the state-operator correspondence. Moreover, we also compute one-point bulk correlators and two-point bulk-defect correlators, which show great agreement with predictions of defect conformal symmetry, and from which we extract various bulk-defect operator product expansion coefficients. Our work demonstrates that the fuzzy sphere offers a powerful tool for exploring the rich physics in 3D defect CFTs. The study of defects and boundaries in the context of conformal field theory is important but challenging in dimensions higher than two. Here the authors use the recently developed fuzzy sphere regularization approach to perform non-perturbative analysis of defect conformal field theory in 3D

The antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on a kagome lattice is one of the most paradigmatic models in the context of spin liquids, yet the precise nature of its ground state is not understood. We use large-scale density matrix renormalization group simulations (DMRG) on infinitely long cylinders and find indications for the formation of a gapless Dirac spin liquid. First, we use adiabatic flux insertion to demonstrate that the spin gap is much smaller than estimated from previous DMRG simulation. Second, we find that the momentum-dependent excitation spectrum, as extracted from the DMRG transfer matrix, exhibits Dirac cones that match those of a π -flux free-fermion model [the parton mean-field ansatz of a U(1) Dirac spin liquid].

Background Abundant evidence shows that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is heterogeneous, and many efforts have been devoted to identifying TNBC subtypes on the basis of genomic profiling. However, few studies have explored the classification of TNBC specifically based on immune signatures that may facilitate the optimal stratification of TNBC patients responsive to immunotherapy. Methods Using four publicly available TNBC genomics datasets, we classified TNBC on the basis of the immunogenomic profiling of 29 immune signatures. Unsupervised and supervised machine learning methods were used to perform the classification. Results We identified three TNBC subtypes that we named Immunity High (Immunity_H), Immunity Medium (Immunity_M), and Immunity Low (Immunity_L) and demonstrated that this classification was reliable and predictable by analyzing multiple different datasets. Immunity_H was characterized by greater immune cell infiltration and anti-tumor immune activities, as well as better survival prognosis compared to the other subtypes. Besides the immune signatures, some cancer-associated pathways were hyperactivated in Immunity_H, including apoptosis, calcium signaling, MAPK signaling, PI3K–Akt signaling, and RAS signaling. In contrast, Immunity_L presented depressed immune signatures and increased activation of cell cycle, Hippo signaling, DNA replication, mismatch repair, cell adhesion molecule binding, spliceosome, adherens junction function, pyrimidine metabolism, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis, and RNA polymerase pathways. Furthermore, we identified a gene co-expression subnetwork centered around five transcription factor (TF) genes ( CORO1A , STAT4 , BCL11B , ZNF831 , and EOMES) specifically significant in the Immunity_H subtype and a subnetwork centered around two TF genes ( IRF8 and SPI1 ) characteristic of the Immunity_L subtype. Conclusions The identification of TNBC subtypes based on immune signatures has potential clinical implications for TNBC treatment.

A bstract In CFTs, the partition function of a line defect with a cusp depends logarithmically on the size of the line with an angle-dependent coefficient: the cusp anomalous dimension. In the first part of this work, we study the general properties of the cusp anomalous dimension. We relate the small cusp angle limit to the effective field theory of defect fusion, making predictions for the first couple of terms in the expansion. Using a concavity property of the cusp anomalous dimension we argue that the Casimir energy between a line defect and its orientation reversal is always negative (“opposites attract”). We use these results to determine the fusion algebra of Wilson lines in N = 4 SYM as well as pinning field defects in the Wilson-Fisher fixed points. In the second part of the paper we obtain nonperturbative numerical results for the cusp anomalous dimension of pinning field defects in the Ising model in d = 3, using the recently developed fuzzy-sphere regularization. We also compute the pinning field cusp anomalous dimension in the O ( N ) model at one-loop in the ε -expansion. Our results are in agreement with the general theory developed in the first part of the work, and we make several predictions for impurities in magnets.

The 3D Ising transition, the most celebrated and unsolved critical phenomenon in nature, has long been conjectured to have emergent conformal symmetry, similar to the case of the 2D Ising transition. Yet, the emergence of conformal invariance in the 3D Ising transition has rarely been explored directly, mainly due to unavoidable mathematical or conceptual obstructions. Here, we design an innovative way to study the quantum version of the 3D Ising phase transition on spherical geometry, using the “fuzzy (noncommutative) sphere” regularization. We accurately calculate and analyze the energy spectra at the transition, and explicitly demonstrate the state-operator correspondence (i.e., radial quantization), a fingerprint of conformal field theory. In particular, we identify13 parity-even primary operators within a high accuracy and two parity-odd operators that were not known before. Our result directly elucidates the emergent conformal symmetry of the 3D Ising transition, a conjecture made by Polyakov half a century ago. More importantly, our approach opens a new avenue for studying 3D conformal field theories by making use of the state-operator correspondence and spherical geometry.

The study examines the moderating role of institutional quality and technological innovation on the empirical relationship between FDI inflows and four indicator variables of CO 2 emissions in 40 Asian countries for the period 1996–2016, by using generalized method of moment (GMM) estimation. First, from non-interactive regression, FDI inflows have positive impacts on CO 2 emissions; over all, from our empirical results, we conclude that the moderating role of institutional quality and technological innovation is crucial in the nexus between FDI and carbon CO 2 emissions and the interaction between institutional quality indicators and FDI inflows significantly reduce the level of CO 2  emissions. Furthermore, the significant moderating effect of technological innovation is observed on the association between FDI and CO 2 emissions. The results are important for policy makers in setting up long- and short-term policy to protect environmental quality.

The interplay of symmetry and topology has been at the forefront of recent progress in quantum matter. Here, we uncover an unexpected connection between band topology and the description of competing orders in a quantum magnet. Specifically, we show that aspects of band topology protected by crystalline symmetries determine key properties of the Dirac spin liquid (DSL), which can be defined on the honeycomb, square, triangular, and kagome lattices. At low energies, the DSL on all of these lattices is described by an emergent quantum electrodynamics (QED3) withNf=4flavors of Dirac fermions coupled to aU(1)gauge field. However, the symmetry properties of the magnetic monopoles, an important class of critical degrees of freedom, behave very differently on different lattices. In particular, we show that the lattice momentum and angular momentum of monopoles can be determined from the charge (or Wannier) centers of the corresponding spinon insulator. We also show that for DSLs on bipartite lattices, there always exists a monopole that transforms trivially under all microscopic symmetries owing to the existence of a parentSU(2)gauge theory. We connect our results to generalized Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorems and also derive the time-reversal and reflection properties of monopoles. Our results indicate that recent insights into free-fermion band topology can also guide the description of strongly correlated quantum matter.

Massless(2+1)DDirac fermions arise in a variety of systems from graphene to the surfaces of topological insulators, where generating a mass is typically associated with breaking a symmetry. However, with strong interactions, a symmetric gapped phase can arise for multiples of eight Dirac fermions. A continuous quantum phase transition from the massless Dirac phase to this massive phase, which we term symmetric mass generation, is necessarily beyond the Landau paradigm and is hard to describe even at the conceptual level. Nevertheless, such transition has been consistently observed in several numerical studies recently. Here, we propose a theory for the symmetric mass generation transition which is reminiscent of deconfined criticality and involves emergent non-Abelian gauge fields coupled both to Dirac fermions and to critical Higgs bosons. We motivate the theory using an explicit parton construction and discuss predictions for numerics. Additionally, we show that the fermion Green’s function is expected to undergo a zero-to-pole transition across the critical point.