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Metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction are known to be involved in many different disease states. We have employed two-photon fluorescence imaging of intrinsic mitochondrial reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to quantify the metabolic state of several cultured cell lines, multicell tumor spheroids, and the intact mouse organ of Corti. Historically, fluorescence intensity has commonly been used as an indicator of the NADH concentration in cells and tissues. More recently, fluorescence lifetime imaging has revealed that changes in metabolism produce not only changes in fluorescence intensity, but also significant changes in the lifetimes and concentrations of free and enzyme-bound pools of NADH. Since NADH binding changes with metabolic state, this approach presents a new opportunity to track the cellular metabolic state.

BackgroundModification of tobacco curing methods and other changes in cigarette manufacturing techniques could substantially reduce the levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), a group of potent carcinogens, in cigarette smoke. In 1999, two major US cigarette manufacturers stated their intent to move towards using tobaccos low in TSNA. There is no information available on current TSNA levels in tobacco of various cigarettes available in the US, particularly in the newer varieties introduced over the past decade.MethodsSeventeen brands of cigarettes were purchased in April of 2010 from retail stores in Minnesota. TSNA levels were measured in the tobacco filler and smoke of these cigarettes.ResultsIn all brands, the sum of two potent carcinogenic TSNA - 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and N'-nitrosonornicotine - in cigarette filler averaged 2.54 (±1.05) μg/g tobacco. This value is virtually identical to the sum of these two carcinogens reported for the tobacco of a US filtered cigarette in 1979. TSNA levels in smoke positively correlated with those in tobacco filler of the same cigarettes.ConclusionWe found no indication that any meaningful attempt was made to reduce or at least control TSNA levels in the new varieties of the popular brands Marlboro and Camel introduced over the last decade. In light of the recently granted regulatory authority to the FDA over tobacco products, regulation of TSNA levels in cigarette tobacco should be strongly considered to reduce the levels of these potent carcinogens in cigarette smoke.

Background Detection of Lynch syndrome has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality among patients and their family members due to beneficial screening and treatment options. Several institutions have begun to adopt universal rather than risk-stratified screening protocols, but the lack of 100 % compliance rates requires identification of system-level interventions to improve screening practices. Objective We aimed to identify patient, tumor, and system factors associated with lack of screening and identify system-based interventions to improve Lynch syndrome screening. Design and Settings This study is a retrospective analysis of Lynch syndrome screening among colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery in a single healthcare system. Patients Two hundred and sixty-two patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer were studied. Main Outcome Measures Rate of Lynch syndrome screening. Results We identified that 75 % of the total cohort was screened for Lynch syndrome. Of patients under the age of 50, 78 % percent were screened. Lower screening rates were found among patients with complete pathologic tumor response and lower pathologic stage of tumor. Higher screening rates were found at the academic hospital and with colorectal surgeons. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, lower screening rates were associated with community hospital location (OR, 0.22; 95 % CI, 0.08–0.56). Limitations Results may not be generalizable to different hospital settings. Conclusions Several potential system-level interventions were identified to improve screening rates including an emphasis on improved provider communication.

Hecht Jacqueline. Readings in the Sociology of Migration. In: Population, 26ᵉ année, n°1, 1971. p. 179.

Ranging from a spiffed-up Chinese studio bigger than all of Beverly Hills to a shiny new facility nestled in the United Kingdom, these five global production hubs-- some new, some vastly improved-- can cater to any and every production

They oversee empires, greenlight the shows that captivate millions and adapt in a rapidly changing media environment. On the eve of MIPCOM, meet the female innovators who change the way the world watches TV