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Hypnosis is a powerful tool to affect the processing and perception of stimuli. Here, we investigated the effects of hypnosis on the processing of auditory stimuli, the time course of event-related-potentials (ERP; N1 and P3b amplitudes) and the activity of cortical sources of the P3b component. Forty-eight participants completed an auditory oddball paradigm composed of standard, distractor, and target stimuli during a hypnosis (HYP), a simulation of hypnosis (SIM), a distraction (DIS), and a control (CON) condition. During HYP, participants were suggested that an earplug would obstruct the perception of tones and during SIM they should pretend being hypnotized and obstructed to hear the tones. During DIS, participants' attention was withdrawn from the tones by focusing participants' attention onto a film. In each condition, subjects were asked to press a key whenever a target stimulus was presented. Behavioral data show that target hit rates and response time became significantly reduced during HYP and SIM and loudness ratings of tones were only reduced during HYP. Distraction from stimuli by the film was less effective in reducing target hit rate and tone loudness. Although, the N1 amplitude was not affected by the experimental conditions, the P3b amplitude was significantly reduced in HYP and SIM compared to CON and DIS. In addition, source localization results indicate that only a small number of neural sources organize the differences of tone processing between the control condition and the distraction, hypnosis, and simulation of hypnosis conditions. These sources belong to brain areas that control the focus of attention, the discrimination of auditory stimuli, and the organization of behavioral responses to targets. Our data confirm that deafness suggestions significantly change auditory processing and perception but complete deafness is hard to achieve during HYP. Therefore, the term 'deafness' may be misleading and should better be replaced by 'hypoacusis'.

Several theories of hypnosis assume that responses to hypnotic suggestions are implemented through top-down modulations via a frontoparietal network that is involved in monitoring and cognitive control. The current study addressed this issue re-analyzing previously published event-related-potentials (ERP) (N1, P2, and P3b amplitudes) and combined it with source reconstruction and connectivity analysis methods. ERP data were obtained from participants engaged in a visual oddball paradigm composed of target, standard, and distractor stimuli during a hypnosis (HYP) and a control (CON) condition. In both conditions, participants were asked to count the rare targets presented on a video screen. During HYP participants received suggestions that a wooden board in front of their eyes would obstruct their view of the screen. The results showed that participants’ counting accuracy was significantly impaired during HYP compared to CON. ERP components in the N1 and P2 window revealed no amplitude differences between CON and HYP at sensor-level. In contrast, P3b amplitudes in response to target stimuli were significantly reduced during HYP compared to CON. Source analysis of the P3b amplitudes in response to targets indicated that HYP was associated with reduced source activities in occipital and parietal brain areas related to stimulus categorization and attention. We further explored how these brain sources interacted by computing time-frequency effective connectivity between electrodes that best represented frontal, parietal, and occipital sources. This analysis revealed reduced directed information flow from parietal attentional to frontal executive sources during processing of target stimuli. These results provide preliminary evidence that hypnotic suggestions of a visual blockade are associated with a disruption of the coupling within the frontoparietal network implicated in top-down control.

BACKGROUND: Negative affective and pain‐related cues, such as pictures or words, have been shown to act as primes and enhance the perceived intensity of subsequent painful events. For pain‐related semantic primes, it remains unclear whether this effect depends on negative valence itself or, specifically, on the pain‐relatedness of the words. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of pain‐related, negative affective (pain‐unrelated) and neutral semantic primes on the perception of subsequent noxious target stimuli. METHODS: Pain ratings in response to noxious electrical stimulation of light and moderate intensity were examined in 39 healthy subjects after subjects were exposed to semantic primes of different meaning and valence (pain‐related, negative, positive and neutral adjectives) presented with different interstimulus intervals (0 ms, 500 ms and 1500 ms). RESULTS: Increased pain ratings of noxious stimuli were observed following pain‐related and negative compared with neutral primes. DISCUSSION: The results support the motivational priming theory for semantic stimuli, indicating that affectively negative semantic primes increase subjective pain intensity. However, a specific pain‐related priming effect was not reliably demonstrated. Additionally, it is shown that experimental parameters (ie, stimulus intensity and interstimulus interval) modify the extent of negative and pain‐related semantic priming. CONCLUSIONS: Verbal priming plays a role for the perception of noxious stimuli in a time‐dependent manner.

In economic studies, it is standard practice to pay out the reward of only one randomly selected trial (pay-one) instead of the total reward accumulated across trials (pay-all), assuming that both methods are equivalent. We tested this assumption by recording electrophysiological activity to reward feedback from participants engaged in a decision-making task under both a pay-one and a pay-all condition. We show that participants are approximately 12% more risk averse in the pay-one condition than in the pay-all condition. Furthermore, we observed that the electrophysiological response to monetary rewards, the reward positivity, is significantly reduced in the pay-one condition relative to the pay-all condition. The difference of brain responses is associated with the difference in risky behavior across conditions. We concluded that the two payment methods lead to significantly different results and are therefore not equivalent.

The goal of the present study was to provide first evidence for gender differences in gaze patterns while looking at the body of men and women. For this purpose participants were exposed to 30 pictures of 15 male and 15 female models in casual clothing. The individual scan paths were recorded using an eye-tracker. The results show that both male and female observers primarily gaze at people’s face. Only after this initial face-scan, men look significantly earlier and longer at women’s breasts, while women look earlier at men’s legs. These observations uncover important aspects of the pattern of the human gaze at others and particularly reveal important gender differences.

Thermal and nociceptive cutaneous stimuli activate the brain via two types of nerve fibers, slightly myelinated Aδ-fibers with moderate conduction velocity and unmyelinated C-fibers with slow conduction velocity. Differences in central processing upon selective stimulation of these two fiber types in healthy human subjects still remain poorly understood. By means of event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging the present study investigated brain activation in response to stimulation of Aδ- and C-fibers in healthy subjects. We used the stimulation of tiny skin areas to perform a selective stimulation upon cutaneous C-fibers. Besides similar activation in several brain areas in response to both kinds of stimulation, we observed pronounced brain activation to selective C-fiber stimulation as compared to Aδ-fiber stimulation in the right frontal operculum and anterior insula. Based on a putative function of these structures we suggest that the C-fiber system might be engaged in homeostatic and interoceptive functions in a manner other than the Aδ-fiber system, producing a signal of greater emotional salience.

Thermal and nociceptive cutaneous stimuli activate the brain via two types of nerve fibers, slightly myelinated Adelta-fibers with moderate conduction velocity and unmyelinated C-fibers with slow conduction velocity. Differences in central processing upon selective stimulation of these two fiber types in healthy human subjects still remain poorly understood. By means of event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging the present study investigated brain activation in response to stimulation of Adelta- and C-fibers in healthy subjects. We used the stimulation of tiny skin areas to perform a selective stimulation upon cutaneous C-fibers. Besides similar activation in several brain areas in response to both kinds of stimulation, we observed pronounced brain activation to selective C-fiber stimulation as compared to Adelta-fiber stimulation in the right frontal operculum and anterior insula. Based on a putative function of these structures we suggest that the C-fiber system might be engaged in homeostatic and interoceptive functions in a manner other than the Adelta-fiber system, producing a signal of greater emotional salience.

Thermal and nociceptive cutaneous stimuli activate the brain via two types of nerve fibers, slightly myelinated Aδ-fibers with moderate conduction velocity and unmyelinated C-fibers with slow conduction velocity. Differences in central processing upon selective stimulation of these two fiber types in healthy human subjects still remain poorly understood. By means of event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging the present study investigated brain activation in response to stimulation of Aδ- and C-fibers in healthy subjects. We used the stimulation of tiny skin areas to perform a selective stimulation upon cutaneous C-fibers. Besides similar activation in several brain areas in response to both kinds of stimulation, we observed pronounced brain activation to selective C-fiber stimulation as compared to Aδ-fiber stimulation in the right frontal operculum and anterior insula. Based on a putative function of these structures we suggest that the C-fiber system might be engaged in homeostatic and interoceptive functions in a manner other than the Aδ-fiber system, producing a signal of greater emotional salience.

Limiting land take is an important sustainability target. To this end, infill development is a primary strategy. To implement this strategy, policy-makers need a reliable knowledge base on infill development potential (IDP), such as brownfields, vacant lots and underused lots. This study presents the results of the first comprehensive national survey of IDP in Germany. Almost 12% of German municipalities were contacted by questionnaire. In contrast to previous studies, this study also takes into account smaller towns and small-scale vacant lots, which would otherwise lead to a considerable underestimation. Additionally, a feasibility study shows how IDPs can be identified using a geospatial approach. Here, a procedure is presented that allows the identification of IDPs and the differentiation between vacant and underused lots by analysing urban morphology using nationwide and commonly available geospatial base data. The results provide a good basis for an initial inventory. However, to obtain more accurate results, additional specific data would be required, the accessibility of which is currently limited. With the development of an improved spatial data infrastructure combined with Open Data initiatives, geographical information system (GIS)-based procedures for the automated detection and monitoring of IDPs could become more important in future.Policy relevanceIf the objectives of land policy, especially the avoidance of urban sprawl, are to be achieved, then the more efficient use of already developed land is essential. At the strategic level of policy development, knowledge of land suitable for infill development is as necessary as knowledge of the land take. Currently, regular standardised questionnaire surveying is the effective method for analysing infill development potential (IDP) and its development on a large scale. Geospatial approaches can help to identify potentials, especially on vacant and underused lots. Thus, they have a considerable potential to serve as heuristic tools for local practitioners seeking to begin reflecting on infill development options. Policy-makers and planners should recognise this potential and develop it further in cooperation with the scientific community. However, decision-makers are not spared from weighing the appropriate density in the respective context—and this has not become easier under the impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic.