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Recent controversies in psychology have spurred conversations about the nature and quality of psychological research. One topic receiving substantial attention is the role of replication in psychological science. Using the complete publication history of the 100 psychology journals with the highest 5-year impact factors, the current article provides an overview of replications in psychological research since 1900. This investigation revealed that roughly 1.6% of all psychology publications used the term replication in text. A more thorough analysis of 500 randomly selected articles revealed that only 68% of articles using the term replication were actual replications, resulting in an overall replication rate of 1.07%. Contrary to previous findings in other fields, this study found that the majority of replications in psychology journals reported similar findings to their original studies (i.e., they were successful replications). However, replications were significantly less likely to be successful when there was no overlap in authorship between the original and replicating articles. Moreover, despite numerous systemic biases, the rate at which replications are being published has increased in recent decades.

This study investigated change in divergent thinking (DT), an indicator of creative potential, at two gender-specific residential summer camps. Additionally, this study examined whether the change in DT varied by gender and by the type of activities campers self-select. Quantitative methods, using a quasi-experimental design was used in order to understand differences in camper scores. A total of 189 youth, 100 girls, 89 boys, between the ages of 9 and 14 years participated in the current study. Participants were administered a modified version of Guilford's (1967) alternate uses task, a measure of DT, in which respondents were asked questions such as name all of the uses for a brick or name all of the uses for a plate before the camp session started, and then again at the end of the two-week session. Results indicate overall mean significant increases in DT across all scoring methods of fluency, flexibility, and originality. Participants who self-selected one or more artistic activities (e.g., drama, arts and crafts, dance) had significant increases on the tasks as opposed to participants who did not select any artistic activities (e.g., basketball, baseball, archery). Finally, girls significantly increased across all scoring methods, whereas boys slightly increased in fluency and flexibility but not in originality. These results indicate residential summer camp may provide a creativity \"benefit\" for youth in attendance, especially those who participate in certain activities. Practitioners should use this study to understand their own programming in terms of creativity, activity offerings, and camp culture. 

Although a wealth of research exists documenting the positive social outcomes promoted by summer camps, research specifically examining youths with Tourette Syndrome (TS) within the camp context is lacking. This study utilized a phenomenological approach to explore the social impacts of a weeklong camp specifically for youths with TS, involving focus groups with 18 campers aged 10–16, interviews with 10 staff members, and participant observations compiled by the researcher. Multiple themes and sub-themes concerning the social impacts of the camp experience were identified, including (a) relatedness (not alone and self-assurance); (b) social development (friendships, optimism, educational experience, and bullying); (c) programmatic outcomes (unique program opportunities and cabin bonding); and (d) various implications for professional practice and future research are discussed.

The central purpose of this dissertation is to introduce and explore the meaning of creative leisure for adults. Its aim is to show that although the confluence of the notions of creativity and leisure may be represented in multiple ways, the critical way that leads to a peak creative leisure experience is one that is based on the actor expressing the self. Neulinger's (1974) paradigm postulates that a pure leisure experience is one where there is full perceived freedom (lacking constraint) and full intrinsic motivation (lacking extrinsic motivation). Plucker, Beghetto, and Dow (2004) state that creativity \"...is the interaction among aptitude, process, and environment by which an individual or group produces a perceptible product that is both novel and useful as defined within a social context\" (p. 90). Within the leisure and creativity literature there is crossover of factors such as self-actualization (Maslow, 1959), self-expression (Henderson, 2004) and motivation (Amabile, 1996). This study empirically investigated the creative leisure experience via a qualitative, phenomenological method, soliciting participant's written and oral accounts of everyday creative leisure experiences and the most creative leisure experiences in their lives. It addressed the following questions: (1) Does creative experience happen within the leisure experience? (2) If so, how does this manifest? Are there different types of creative leisure? (3) Is there a peak creative leisure experience? What contributes to this experience? Two open-ended essay questions were collected from 50 participants enrolled in adult community leisure learning courses. Telephone interviews were conducted with 16 participants. The interview questions solicited data regarding research questions 1-3 and the following two research questions: (4) Do individuals seek creative expression in their leisure? (5) What factors are associated with motivation to create within leisure? Findings indicate a relationship between self-expression and creative leisure for interviewees (n=16) as well as other major emergent themes associated with creative leisure including happiness (n=12), intrinsic motivation (n=11), social (n=11), and freedom (n=8). An initial typology of creative leisure participants was developed that includes dedicated artists, self-actualizers, dedicated crafters, and occasionals. Findings suggest that participant's psychological experiences may differ per how and why they seek creative leisure.

There really are few things as exhilarating as seeing a whale or dolphin pop out of the water beside you.

Time is running out to get those togs on. One of the must-do experiences of summer is to go for a swim. A proper swim. Preferably in the Atlantic, but the Irish Sea is also acceptable. Lakes and rivers are fine, but the true summer swim is the one you take in salt water on a beach -- and wetsuits are cheating. It doesn't matter if it's raining, since you'll get wet anyway. Neither is it necessary -- or advisable -- to stay in for long, but you do have to get wet completely. Screaming is optional. The reward is a unique wake-up call to the body and spirit.