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This study aimed to elucidate the response of broiler chickens to the dietary nano-zinc supplementation in terms of immune response and antioxidant activity. Ninety-one-day-old chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments in three replicates, in a feeding trial that lasted for 5 weeks. Birds were fed a basal diet supplemented with inorganic zinc oxide at 40 mg/kg diet (control), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) at 40 mg/kg diet (ZN1), or ZnONPs at 80 mg/kg diet (ZN2). Birds were injected with DNP-KLH at the 7th and 21st days from the beginning of the experiment, and blood samples were collected on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 to determine the levels of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) and malondialdehyde as well as the antioxidant enzyme activities. Cellular immunity was assayed by estimation of phagocytic percentage and index of peripheral monocytes of blood and estimation of the T lymphocyte activity using a lymphocyte transformation test. The results showed that feeding broiler chickens a diet supplemented with ZnONPs increased ( p  < 0.05) the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase and decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde compared to the control diet, without significant differences between NZ1 and NZ2 diets. Moreover, the chicks fed diets supplemented with ZnONPs showed a significant increase ( p  < 0.05) in serum IgY, total lymphocyte count, and macrophages compared to the control. A higher significant response for antibodies IgY concentration was observed in birds fed the NZ2 vs NZ1 diet. Also, there was a significant increase in phagocytic activity and phagocytic index in ZnONP-fed groups with a higher significance in the group fed NZ1 than with NZ2 diet as compared with the control. In conclusion, ZnONP application up to 80 mg/kg in the diet is safe for broiler chickens and could improve their antioxidant defense and cellular immunity.

A 95-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the outcomes of feeding Bacillus subtilis fermented Azolla (BSFA) on nonspecific immunity, antioxidative status, intestinal digestive enzymes and histomorphometry, and disease resistance in the Nile tilapia. We formulated five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets to incorporate BSFA at level of (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%). The growth performance parameters (FBW, BWG, SGR, PER, and FCR) revealed a significant increase in the BSFA30 tilapia group compared to the control group followed by BSFA45 (P < 0.05). The BSFA30 group exhibited the highest nonspecific immunity parameters including (lysozyme activity, phagocytic index, and phagocytic activity) compared to other groups (P < 0.05). SOD and GPx reported the highest values in the BSFA60 group. Nile tilapia carcass composition was not influenced by BSFA inclusion level (P > 0.05). Interestingly, Nile tilapia fed with BSFA15 diet exhibited the highest protease activity level (P < 0.05), while those fed on BSFA30 documented the highest amylase activity. Intestinal histomorphology was significantly enhanced with the gradual increase of administrated BSFA. Regarding the tilapia disease resistance against Aeromonas septicemia, BSFA significantly diminished the cumulative mortality compared to the control group. To sum up, BSFA was more effective in improving the growth performance and immunity of Nile tilapia.

The current study explored the influence of dietary supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris dried powder (CV) with zinc-oxide-nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), and/or selenium-nanoparticles (Se-NPs) on broilers’ growth, antioxidant capacity, immune status, histological responses, and gene expression of some related genes. Several 200 one-day-old Cobb-500 male chicks were distributed into 5 groups with four replicates each. In the 1st group, birds were fed the basal diet (BD). In the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups, birds received the BD supplemented with CV only, CV + ZnO-NPs, CV + Se-NPs, and CV + ZnO-NPs + Se-NPs, respectively. The CV dried powder, ZnO-NPs, and Se-NPs were added to the BD at a rate of 1 g, 40 mg, and 0.3 mg/kg diet, respectively. After 6 weeks of feeding, increases in final body weights ( P  < 0.05), body weight gain ( P  < 0.05), and feed intake ( P  < 0.05) were linked with improvements in FCR ( P  < 0.05) and intestinal morphometric indices ( P  < 0.05), and marked up-regulations of MYOS ( P  < 0.05), GHR ( P  < 0.05), and IGF ( P  < 0.05) genes were established. Additionally, distinct increases in antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD ( P  < 0.05), and GPX ( P  < 0.05) with increases in the mRNA copies of their genes were measured. Moreover, slight improvement in immunity indices, WBCs count ( P  > 0.05), and phagocytic and lysozyme activities ( P  > 0.05) were found. However, distinct increases in phagocytic index ( P  < 0.05) and up-regulations of IL-1β and TNF , and down-regulation of IL-10 mRNA levels were reported ( P  < 0.05). These findings were prominent in the case of the separate supplementation of CV with ZnO-NPs or Se-NPs confirming the synergistic mechanisms of CV with ZnO-NPs or Se-NPs. Thus, the synergetic supplementation of CV with ZnO-NPs, or Se-NPs in the broiler’s diet could augment their growth and antioxidant response.

Supplementation of phosphorus nanoparticles is a promising strategy to reduce water pollution, improve phosphorus concentration in fish diet, and provide better production quality. We used 300 fingerlings of Nile tilapia that were randomly distributed into 3 groups; each one was attributed to 5 replicates of 20 fish per aquarium with initial weight (gm) (156 ± 1.25). The first diet contained traditional Di-calcium phosphate (D-group), the second supplemented with phosphorus nanoparticles in a dose equal to the previous conventional one (N-D group), and the last one included with phosphorus nanoparticles with the half dose of the conventional phosphorus group (1/2 N-D group). After 3 months of feeding, the N-D group showed the best growth performance including its feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed intake (FI), or body weight gain (BWG). Furthermore, the growth-related gene expression findings considering growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were upregulated as well. Moreover, whole body chemical composition revealed higher Fe, Zn, P, and crude protein level in the N-D group than the other two groups. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) mRNA expression showed a significant increase in 1/2 N-D and N-D groups compared with the control group. To sum up, using of nano-phosphorus particles improved the growth rate and immunity response of Nile tilapia, besides decreasing water pollution.

AbstractObjective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of glibenclamide versus control in acute stroke. Methods: In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies up to January 15, 2025. Efficacy outcomes included modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 3 and 6 months, Barthel index, midline shift at 72–96 h, serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels, and decompressive craniectomy. Safety analysis assessed the incidence of hypoglycemia, mortality, and serious adverse events (SAEs). Results: A total of seven randomized controlled trials involving 1,225 patients were included in the meta-analysis. No statistically significant differences were observed in the efficacy outcomes in the pooled analysis. In subgroup analysis of mRS, glibenclamide was superior in intracerebral hemorrhage (mean difference [MD] = −0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−1, −0.34], p value <0.0001) but not ischemic or subarachnoid hemorrhage subtypes (MD = −0.03, 95% CI [−0.34, 0.28], p value = 0.86) and (MD = 0.06, 95% CI [−0.6, 0.71], p value = 0.86), respectively. In terms of safety, there were no significant differences in SAE or mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, 95% CI [0.99, 1.8], p value = 0.06) and (OR = 0.67, 95% CI [0.31, 1.45], p value = 0.31), respectively. However, glibenclamide was associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia (OR = 5.03, 95% CI [2.17, 11.66], p value = 0.0002). Conclusion: The use of glibenclamide did not demonstrate improved outcomes in patients with acute stroke. However, real-time pharmacokinetic monitoring, identifying optimal administration route, and patient subgroups, which may potentially benefit from glibenclamide are essential before the drug’s efficacy can be conclusively determined.

Background Effective disinfection is a diligent step in the treatment of endodontic infections to reduce the microbial load below a critical level that promotes healing of apical periodontitis (AP). Despite its clinical importance, there is no consensus on the most effective disinfection strategy to achieve this goal. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to comprehensively review the role of current disinfection therapies in microbial reduction during root canal treatment (RCT). Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant clinical studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data extraction focused on microbial load reduction, disinfection protocols, and microbial detection techniques. Results Out of 3519 retrieved articles, 148 were eligible and processed for data extraction. All included studies were clinical studies. Most of the studies were primary RCT (82.43%) and secondary RCT (15.54%). While only 3 studies (2.03%) included both primary and secondary RCT. Microbial load reduction was assessed in the majority of the studies, while few others assessed endotoxin reduction. The mean percentage of microbial load reduction was (87.24 ± 21.86). The most frequently used disinfection regimens were irrigation with; (2.5% NaOCl alone, 2.5% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA, 2%CHX; 16.05%, 11.11%, 10.49% respectively), activation methods including; passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI); 12.35%, photodynamic therapy (PDT); 11.11%, and laser; 11.11%) and intracanal medication (ICM) with Ca (OH)2, Ca (OH)2 + 2%CHX, or 2%CHX; 31.48%, 10.51%, 7.41% respectively. The most prevalent methods of microbial detection were culture-based (64.86%), and molecular-based methods were performed in 58.10% of the studies. Conclusion A combination of advanced irrigation techniques, appropriate ICM, and adjunctive disinfection activation techniques provides the most effective approach for both microbial and endotoxin reduction. However, complete disinfection and its influence on the validity of treatment outcomes remain a dilemma. The healing of apical periodontitis is multifactorial, and future research should focus on personalized treatment protocols based on patient and tooth specific considerations to optimize clinical outcomes.

Background Communication disorders pose significant barriers to interpersonal relationships during the school years. Children affected by stuttering experience lower self-esteem and struggle to form positive social connections when compared to their peers without speech difficulties. This study aimed to assess how fluency disorders impact the academic performance of school-age children. Methods This case-control study was conducted on 50 children aged 6 to 10.5 years with IQ ≥ 90, including both males and females. Participants were equally divided into two groups: the stutterer cases group ( n  = 25) and the control group ( n  = 25). All participants underwent a three-phase diagnostic protocol consisting of elementary diagnostic procedures (comprehensive history taking and clinical examinations), followed by clinical diagnostic aids including auditory perceptual evaluation with documentation, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) to assess linguistic strengths and weaknesses, Arabic version of Stuttering Severity Instrument (SSI) to evaluate stuttering severity, and Arabic Dyslexia Assessment Test (ADAT) to assess dyslexia risk, with lower scores indicating higher risk. Additional instrumental diagnostic measures were implemented when clinically indicated. Results The demographic analysis showed no significant differences in age between the case and control groups. Gender distribution differed notably, with males being more prevalent in the case group. Dyslexia was present in 44.0% of patients in the case group compared to 24.0% in the control group. Analysis revealed a correlation between stuttering severity and dyslexia. Additionally, a significant negative correlation was found between stuttering severity and mean Illinois test scores. Conclusions While stuttering did not significantly affect educational achievement in learners who stutter (LWS) in comparison to the control group. Higher stuttering severity was associated with increased rates of dyslexia. Furthermore, among stutterers with dyslexia, there was a significant correlation between the severity of stuttering and the intensity of dyslexia symptoms.

Introduction In this manuscript, we evaluated the clinicopathological features of low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN), a unique type of appendiceal tumors. Methods This is a retrospective study that included patients with LAMN who were presented to our center from January 2008 to December 2024. The epidemiological, clinical, pathological, therapeutic, and prognostic data were analyzed. Results A total of 68 patients were included in the study, with a median age of 55.8 years. Forty patients (58.8%) had pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) at the time of diagnosis. Surgical cytoreduction was used in 44 patients (65.7%), while appendectomy was performed in 23 patients (34.3%). HIPEC was used only in fifteen patients (22.4%). Gross perforation was identified in 7 cases (10.3%). While microscopically, micro-perforation or rupture was noted in 20 patients (29.4%). Adjuvant systemic treatment was used in 50% of the patients. Over a median follow-up of 18 months, recurrence occurred in 21 patients (31.8%), while five patients (7.4%) developed distant metastasis. Mortality rate was 20.5% (n=14), including five patients who died postoperatively, while nine showed tumor-related mortality. On univariate analysis, only adjuvant treatments showed statistically significant correlation with the incidence of recurrence (p=0.007). Conclusions The higher recurrence and mortality rates observed in our cohort compared with recent literature reflect the advanced disease burden and lower utilization of HIPEC. Future work should aim to refine patient selection for HIPEC, standardize operative approaches to minimize recurrence risk, and explore the role of adjuvant systemic therapy in reducing disease progression.

Alliances of microbiota with plants are masked by the inability of in vitro cultivation of their bulk. Pure cultures piled in international centers originated from dissimilar environments/hosts. Reporting that plant root/leaf-based culture media support the organ-specific growth of microbiota, it was of interest to further investigate if a plant-based medium prepared from homologous (maize) supports specific/adapted microbiota compared to another prepared from heterologous plants (sunflower). The culture-independent community of maize phyllosphere was compared to communities cross-cultivated on plant broth-based media: CFU counts and taxa prevalence (PCR-DGGE; Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing). Similar to total maize phyllospheric microbiota, culture-dependent communities were overwhelmed by Proteobacteria (>94.3–98.3%); followed by Firmicutes (>1.3–3.7%), Bacteroidetes (>0.01–1.58%) and Actinobacteria (>0.06–0.34%). Differential in vitro growth on homologous versus heterologous plant-media enriched/restricted various taxa. In contrast, homologous cultivation over represented members of Proteobacteria (ca. > 98.0%), mainly Pseudomonadaceae and Moraxellaceae; heterologous cultivation and R2A enriched Firmicutes (ca. > 3.0%). The present strategy simulates/fingerprints the chemical composition of host plants to expand the culturomics of plant microbiota, advance real-time in vitro cultivation and lab-keeping of compatible plant microbiota, and identify preferential pairing of plant-microbe partners toward future synthetic community (SynComs) research and use in agriculture.