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This study developed algorithms for predicting activity energy expenditure (AEE) in children (n = 24) and adults (n = 24) from the Actical® activity monitor. Each participant performed 10 activities (supine resting, three sitting, three house cleaning, and three locomotion) while wearing monitors on the ankle, hip, and wrist; AEE was computed from oxygen consumption. Regression analysis, used to create AEE prediction equations based on Actical® output, varied considerably for both children (R 2 = .45-.75; p < .001) and adults (R 2 = .14-.85; p < .008). Most of the resulting algorithms accurately predicted accumulated AEE and time within light, moderate, and vigorous intensity categories (p > .05). The Actical® monitor may be useful for predicting AEE and time variables at the ankle, hip, or wrist locations.

Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL), deployed in the western Weddell Sea from November 2004 to January 2005, included a study of subsynoptic scale variability in sea ice velocity and deformation using an array of 24 buoys. Upon deployment, the ISPOL buoy array measured 70 km in both zonal and meridional extent and consisted of subarrays that resolved sea ice deformation on scales from 10 to 70 km. Across the ISPOL array, divergence varied and did not show a distinct coherent length scale. Spectral analysis of divergence and shear of subarrays revealed that deformation did not vary smoothly across the array. This indicates variability of internal ice stress on the scale of 10 km. Ice conditions within the ISPOL array encompassed two distinct regimes separated by shear along the continental shelf break. Differences in spectral power of the tidal and inertial bands across the two regions do not mirror expected differences due to spatial variability of tide‐induced deformation on the shelf break. Instead, they indicate that the pack ice's internal stress behaved anisotropically on the scale of the shear zone (across the buoy array, 70 km). Key Points Tidally and inertially driven sea ice deformation is measured by buoy array Tidally driven ice deformation demonstrates anisotropy of ice pack Tidally driven ice deformation is misrepresented if ice interaction not modeled

Physical activity (PA) is beneficial for health, yet most African American women do not achieve recommended levels. Successful, sustainable strategies could help to address disparities in health outcomes associated with low levels of PA. The Learning and Developing Individual Exercise Skills (L.A.D.I.E.S.) for a Better Life study compared a faith-based and a secular intervention for increasing PA with a self-guided control group. This cluster randomized, controlled trial was conducted from 2010 - 2011 in African American churches (n=31) in suburban North Carolina. Participants were 469 self-identified low active African American women. Baseline data were collected on participant demographics, objective and self-reported PA, and constructs related to social ecological theory and social cognitive theory. Complete baseline data were available for 417 participants who were aged 51.4 ± 12.9 years, with average BMI (kg/m ) 35.8 ± 9.9; 73% of participants were obese (BMI >30). Participants averaged 3,990 ± 1,828 pedometer-assessed daily steps and 23.9 ± 37.7 accelerometer-assessed minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous PA, and self-reported 25.4 ± 45.4 minutes of weekly walking and moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA. Baseline self-reported religiosity and social support were high. L.A.D.I.E.S. is one of the largest PA trials focused on individual behavior change in African American women. Baseline characteristics suggest participants are representative of the general population. Findings from the study will contribute toward understanding appropriate strategies for increasing PA in high-risk populations.

Objective: The Learning and Developing Individual Exercise Skills (L.A.D.I.E.S.) for a Better Life study compared a faith-integrated (FI) and a secular (SEC) intervention for increasing physical activity with a self-guided (SG) control group among African American women. Design/Setting/Participants: L.A.D.I.E.S. was a cluster randomized, controlled trial. Churches (n=31) were randomized and women within each church (n=12 – 15) received the same intervention. Interventions: FI and SEC participants received 24 group-based sessions, delivered over 10 months. SG participants received printed materials to review independently for 10 months. Participants were followed for 12-months post-intervention to assess long-term intervention impact. Main Outcome Measures: Data on participant characteristics, physical activity, and intervention-related constructs were collected at baseline, 10 months, and 22 months. Results: Intervention session attendance was greater for FI compared with SEC participants (15.7 + 5.7 vs 12.4 + 7.3 sessions, respectively, P<.01). After 10 months, FI and SEC participants significantly increased daily walking (+1,451 and +1,107 steps/ day, respectively) compared with SG participants (-128 steps/day). Increases were maintained after 22 months in the FI group compared with the SG group (+1092 vs. +336 daily steps, P<.01). Between-group changes in accelerometer-assessed physical activity were not statistically significant at any time point. Conclusions: The FI intervention is a feasible strategy for short- and long-term increases in physical activity among African American women. Additional dissemination and evaluation of the strategy could be useful for reducing chronic disease in this high-risk population. Ethn Dis.2017;27(4):411- 420; doi:10.18865/ed.27.4.411. 

Introduction. The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on CD4+ cell course during treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (PegIFN-RBV) in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is unknown. Methods. We determined CD4⁺ cell count in 94 HIV-HCV coinfected patients undergoing treatment with pegylated interferon plus RBV at baseline, treatment weeks 4-48 (W4-W48), and months 1, 3, and 6 of follow-up. Of the 94 patients, 70 underwent concomitant HAART (group A) and 24 did not (group B). Results. Group A showed smaller CD4⁺ cell decreases from W24-W48 (P = .027) and greater CD4⁺ cell increases after cessation of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin therapy (P = .002) than group B showed. Conclusions. Concomitant HAART leads to smaller decreases and faster recovery of CD4⁺ cells during and after pegylated interferon plus RBV therapy.

Background The present study sought to determine whether the consumption of a mineral-rich alkalizing (AK) bottled water could improve both acid-base balance and hydration status in young healthy adults under free-living conditions. The AK water contains a naturally high mineral content along with Alka-PlexLiquid™, a dissolved supplement that increases the mineral content and gives the water an alkalizing pH of 10.0. Methods Thirty-eight subjects were matched by gender and self-reported physical activity (SRPA, hrs/week) and then split into Control (12 women, 7 men; Mean +/- SD: 23 +/- 2 yrs; 7.2 +/- 3.6 hrs/week SRPA) and Experimental (13 women, 6 men; 22 +/- 2 yrs; 6.4 +/- 4.0 hrs/week SRPA) groups. The Control group consumed non-mineralized placebo bottled water over a 4-week period while the Experimental group consumed the placebo water during the 1st and 4th weeks and the AK water during the middle 2-week treatment period. Fingertip blood and 24-hour urine samples were collected three times each week for subsequent measures of blood and urine osmolality and pH, as well as total urine volume. Dependent variables were analyzed using multivariate repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc focused on evaluating changes over time within Control and Experimental groups (alpha = 0.05). Results There were no significant changes in any of the dependent variables for the Control group. The Experimental group, however, showed significant increases in both the blood and urine pH (6.23 to 7.07 and 7.52 to 7.69, respectively), a decreased blood and increased urine osmolality, and a decreased urine output (2.51 to 2.05 L/day), all during the second week of the treatment period (P < 0.05). Further, these changes reversed for the Experimental group once subjects switched to the placebo water during the 4th week. Conclusions Consumption of AK water was associated with improved acid-base balance (i.e., an alkalization of the blood and urine) and hydration status when consumed under free-living conditions. In contrast, subjects who consumed the placebo bottled water showed no changes over the same period of time. These results indicate that the habitual consumption of AK water may be a valuable nutritional vector for influencing both acid-base balance and hydration status in healthy adults.

Ice shelf instability is one of the main sources of uncertainty in Antarctica's contribution to future sea level rise. Calving events play a crucial role in ice shelf weakening but remain unpredictable, and their governing processes are still poorly understood. In this study, we analyze the unexpected September 2019 calving event from the Amery Ice Shelf, the largest since 1963 and which occurred almost a decade earlier than expected, to better understand the role of the atmosphere in calving. We find that atmospheric extremes provided a deterministic role in this event. A series of anomalously deep and stationary explosive twin polar cyclones over the Cooperation and Davis seas generated tides and wind-driven ocean slope, leading to fracture amplification along the pre-existing rift and ultimately calving of the massive iceberg. The calving was triggered by high oceanward sea surface slopes produced by the storms. The observed record-anomalous atmospheric conditions were promoted by blocking ridges and Antarctic-wide anomalous poleward transport of heat and moisture. Blocking highs helped in (i) directing moist and warm air masses towards the ice shelf and (ii) maintaining the observed extreme cyclones stationary at the front of the ice shelf for several days. Accumulation of cold air over the ice sheet, due to the blocking highs, led to the formation of an intense cold high pressure over the ice sheet, which helped fuel sustained anomalously deep cyclones via increased baroclinicity. Our results stress the importance of atmospheric extremes in ice shelf dynamics via tides and sea surface slope and its need to be accounted for when considering Antarctic ice shelf variability and contribution to sea level, especially given that more of these extremes are predicted under a warmer climate.

Timbre and pitch are two independent perceptual qualities of sounds closely related to the spectral envelope and to the fundamental frequency of periodic temporal envelope fluctuations, respectively. To a first approximation, the spectral and temporal tuning properties of neurons in the auditory midbrain of various animals are independent, with layouts of these tuning properties in approximately orthogonal tonotopic and periodotopic maps. For the first time we demonstrate by means of magnetoencephalography a periodotopic organization of the human auditory cortex and analyse its spatial relationship to the tonotopic organization by using a range of stimuli with different temporal envelope fluctuations and spectra and a magnetometer providing high spatial resolution. We demonstrate an orthogonal arrangement of tonotopic and periodotopic gradients. Our results are in line with the organization of such maps in animals and closely match the perceptual orthogonality of timbre and pitch in humans.

This study was designed to validate models for predicting the two Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) classifications for the 1-h cycling record at sea level and altitude. Specific attention was paid to the integration of model components that were sensitive to scaling differences in body mass (m(b)). The Modern Aero Position model predicted UCI Best Hour performances using predictions of total projected frontal area (A(P)) that included use of an aerodynamic bicycle and aerodynamic handlebars. The Traditional Racing Position model predicted UCI Hour Record performances using predictions of total A(P) that include use of a \"Merckx-era\" bicycle with drop-style handlebars. Prediction equations for A(P), as well as the coefficient of drag and metabolic power output , involved scaling relationships with m(b), while other model components were similar to previously published 1-h models. Both models were solved for the distance cycled in 1 h (D(HR)) using an iterative strategy. Chris Boardman's current records for the UCI Best Hour Performance (56.375 km) and the UCI Hour Record (49.202 km) were underpredicted by only 0.332 km (-0.6%) and 0.239 km (-0.5%). Both models, regardless of altitude, suggested that D(HR) should scale with m(b) to the +0.174 power (D(HR) alpha m(b) (+0.174)), which is lower than the +0.32 exponent recently suggested in the literature. Lastly, the same models also predicted that six-time Tour de France winner, Lance Armstrong, could exceed both of Boardman's current records at sea level by about 2.0 km.