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We report on magnetic field measurements made in the innermost coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in its low-activity state. Quasi-coherent, large-amplitude (δ B/B ~ 1), compressional magnetic field oscillations at ~ 40 mHz dominate the immediate plasma environment of the nucleus. This differs from previously studied cometary interaction regions where waves at the cometary ion gyro-frequencies are the main feature. Thus classical pickup-ion-driven instabilities are unable to explain the observations. We propose a cross-field current instability associated with newborn cometary ion currents as a possible source mechanism.

Training in congenital cardiac surgery is potentially lengthier and more demanding than training in any other surgical field. The duration of training is proportional to the complexity of the specialization. The expertise of a wide range of procedures is required. There is no doubt that some individuals may acquire the requisite abilities with greater ease than others, but fundamentally, these are capabilities that can be taught and learnt. Moreover, congenital cardiac surgeons are required to have a detailed understanding of pathophysiology and morphology, in addition to the stamina and empathy required to manage these complex patients. A fellowship is just the start of such training and is followed by a long road eventually leading to a lifelong journey to become a qualified congenital cardiac surgeon. Effective mentorship is a prerequisite throughout training to guide surgeons on this journey.

Industry evolution is driven by innovation. Scientific research is an important source of innovation-relevant knowledge. To trace its impact on industry evolution, we follow the entry and exit of firms from various backgrounds over the first five decades of the German laser industry. We find that academic startups became increasingly competitive after substantial changes were introduced to the governance of university-industry relationships. Their enhanced performance helps explain why no shakeout in firm numbers has been observed to date. Doctorate-holding inventors contributed to the performance of entrants, indicating that the impact of scientific knowledge on industry evolution goes beyond academic entrepreneurship.

Background Simultaneous transapical implantation of transcatheter heart valves in the native mitral and aortic position may be considered as an alternative to surgical valve replacement in high-risk patients presenting with combined valve disease. Case presentation A 59-year-old female with severe aortic stenosis, severe mitral stenosis with mild mitral insufficiency, persistent atrial fibrillation, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and NYHA class of IV was evaluated by our interdisciplinary heart team. Due to the calculated Euroscore II, logistic Euroscore with 10% and 17% a decision was made towards a transapical TAVI approach. The implantation of a Sapien 3 (Edwards Lifesciences) valve in the aortic position was performed and the perioperative TEE showed a good result. The preoperative imaging revealed a narrow LVOT with risk for post interventional left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Accordingly, it was decided against the use of balloon-expanding valves for the mitral valve position in the interdisciplinary team, as it is not repositionable. Instead, it was decided for the use of a Lotus (Boston Scientific) valve, as it is repositionable and therefore possible to retract in case of LVOT obstruction. In the present case of double valve intervention, the implantation attempt of a fully repositionable transcatheter heart valve into the native mitral annulus resulted in acute LVOT obstruction requiring immediate removal of the device. The patient was extubated and experienced uneventful postoperative recovery. Conclusions The case shows that improved preoperative work-up is necessary for better prediction of significant LVOT obstruction following transcatheter mitral valve implantation. In borderline cases, the use of a fully repositionable device is preferred.

Only scarce information is available on doctorate recipients’ career outcomes ( ). With the current information base, graduate students cannot make an informed decision on whether to start a doctorate or not ( ; ). However, administrative labor market data, which could provide the necessary information, are incomplete in this respect. In this paper, we describe the record linkage of two data sets to close this information gap: data on doctorate recipients collected in the catalog of the German National Library (DNB), and the German labor market biographies (IEB) from the German Institute of Employment Research. We use a machine learning-based methodology, which (a) improves the record linkage of data sets without unique identifiers, and (b) evaluates the quality of the record linkage. The machine learning algorithms are trained on a synthetic training and evaluation data set. In an exemplary analysis, we compare the evolution of the employment status of female and male doctorate recipients in Germany.

In this study, we aimed to compare the outcome after the Fontan procedure in patients after an initial ductus stenting or a surgical aortopulmonary shunt. We reviewed infants with single ventricle and ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow who underwent ductus stenting or an aortopulmonary shunt between 2009 and 2022, and subsequently underwent the staged Fontan procedure. A total of 93 patients were included (39 ductus stenting and 54 aortopulmonary shunts). Before the Fontan procedure, pulmonary artery pressure (9 vs 9 mmHg, P = 0.376) and pulmonary artery index (184 vs 183 mm2/m2, P = 0.988) were similar between the groups. However, the incidence of venovenous collaterals was higher in patients after ductus stenting than those after aortopulmonary shunt (35.9 vs 16.7%, P = 0.034). Median age (1.9 vs 1.8 years, P = 0.493) and weight at the Fontan procedure (12 vs 11 kg, P = 0.596) were similar between the groups. There was no in-hospital mortality in each group. The length of the intensive care unit stay (median 5 vs 5 days, P = 0.542) and hospital stay (median 17 vs 14 days, P = 0.767) were similar between the groups. During the median follow-up of 2.5 years, one late death was observed in the ductal stenting group. Freedom from reintervention (66.6 vs 82.0%, P = 0.095) and from adverse events (78.6 vs 92.2%, P = 0.488) at 5 years were similar between the groups. This pilot study demonstrated comparable outcomes following the Fontan procedures between patients with single ventricle and ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow after initial ductus stenting and those after initial aortopulmonary shunt.

Knowledge of the magnetization of planetary bodies constrains their origin and evolution, as well as the conditions in the solar nebular at that time. On the basis of magnetic field measurements during the descent and subsequent multiple touchdown of the Rosetta lander Philae on the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P), we show that no global magnetic field was detected within the limitations of analysis. The Rosetta Magnetometer and Plasma Monitor (ROMAP) suite of sensors measured an upper magnetic field magnitude of less than 2 nanotesla at the cometary surface at multiple locations, with the upper specific magnetic moment being <3.1 × 10 −5 ampere–square meters per kilogram for meter-size homogeneous magnetized boulders. The maximum dipole moment of 67P is 1.6 × 10 8 ampere–square meters. We conclude that on the meter scale, magnetic alignment in the preplanetary nebula is of minor importance.

We present a statistical survey of large-amplitude, asymmetric plasma and magnetic field enhancements detected outside the diamagnetic cavity at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko from December 2014 to June 2016. Based on the concurrent observations of plasma and magnetic field enhancements, we interpret them to be magnetosonic waves. The aim is to provide a general overview of these waves' properties over the mission duration. As the first mission of its kind, the ESA Rosetta mission was able to study the plasma properties of the inner coma for a prolonged time and during different stages of activity. This enables us to study the temporal evolution of these waves and their characteristics. In total, we identified ∼ 70 000 steepened waves in the magnetic field data by means of machine learning. We observe that the occurrence of these steepened waves is linked to the activity of the comet, where steepened waves are primarily observed at high outgassing rates. No clear indications of a relationship between the occurrence rate and solar wind conditions were found. The waves are found to propagate predominantly perpendicular to the background magnetic field, which indicates their compressional nature. Characteristics like amplitude, skewness, and width of the waves were extracted by fitting a skew normal distribution to the magnetic field magnitude of individual steepened waves. With increasing mass loading, the average amplitude of the waves decreases, while the skewness increases. Using a modified 1D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, we investigated if the waves can be described by the combination of nonlinear and dissipative effects. By combining the model with observations of amplitude, width and skewness, we obtain an estimate of the effective plasma diffusivity in the comet–solar wind interaction region and compare it with suitable reference values as a consistency check. At 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, these steepened waves are of particular importance as they dominate the innermost interaction region for intermediate to high activity.

The European Space Agency's spacecraft ROSETTA has reached its final destination, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Whilst orbiting in the close vicinity of the nucleus the ROSETTA magnetometers detected a new type of low-frequency wave possibly generated by a cross-field current instability due to freshly ionized cometary water group particles. During separation, descent and landing of the lander PHILAE on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, we used the unique opportunity to perform combined measurements with the magnetometers onboard ROSETTA (RPCMAG) and its lander PHILAE (ROMAP). New details about the spatial distribution of wave properties along the connection line of the ROSETTA orbiter and the lander PHILAE are revealed. An estimation of the observed amplitude, phase and wavelength distribution will be presented as well as the measured dispersion relation, characterizing the new type of low-frequency waves. The propagation direction and polarization features will be discussed using the results of a minimum variance analysis. Thoughts about the size of the wave source will complete our study.

This qualitative case study explored how undergraduate students from rural areas experience higher education environments and develop a sense of belonging at a large Midwestern public university. This study defined rural considering students’ hometown population size and density as well as each individual participant’s constructed reality of a rural identity (Crockett, Shanahan, & Jackson-Newsom, 2000). The following questions guided this study: (1) How does students’ identification with their rural background influence how they experience their college environment? (2) What do rural students see as key environmental factors affecting their sense of belonging? (3) Is the institution providing supportive environments for rural students and if so, how? Participants included 8 undergraduate rural students and 3 university administrators, all attending or associated with the institution identified as the instrumental case. Multiple data sources were collected at the institutional level and at the individual rural student level. Institutional level data included administrator responses, online public documents, and school newspaper articles. Individual level data incorporated a demographic questionnaire and two individual interviews utilizing artifact elicitation with each of the 8 rural student participants. Data analysis and interpretation was aided by a conceptual model that included Bronfenbrenner’s (1977) ecological theory of human development, Strange and Banning’s (2015) four models of educational environments, and Strayhorn’s (2012) sense of belonging. Inductive and systematic first and second cycle coding with triangulation resulted in the emergence of three patterns regarding the intersection of rural life identity and college belonging: (1) rural students alienated by rural life embraced college life, (2) rural students that strongly identified with rural life were challenged to belong in college, (3) some students could identify with rural life and experience both positive and negative implications for belonging in college. Interpretation of the findings indicated the importance of rural students’ individual alienation or identification with rural life, subsequent congruence with the educational environment, and their ability to replace support structures from their rural community with new sub-communities in college, as being highly influential to their sense of belonging in college. Based on these findings, this study suggests implications for theory, practice, and research.