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"Held, David"
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Predicting the Phenology of Herbivorous Insects
Models of herbivorous insect phenology can be used to make agriculture more sustainable and to better manage the effects of climate change on natural communities. The phenology of herbivorous insects depends on heat time, but exactly how it varies across populations and the causes of this variation are unclear. Here, with multilevel Bayesian models, we performed a comparative analysis of 601 published herbivorous insect phenology models. We found that variation in herbivorous insect phenology can be explained by variation in phylogenetic relatedness, adult body size, feeding site, host plant taxonomy, geographic location, and the approaches that researchers used for model parameterization. Contrary to previous analysis, we also found that the minimum temperature required for development varies across life stages in a way that could be adaptive. Our analysis demonstrates that by accounting for more information on the variation across insect populations and their environments, we can make better and more generalizable predictions of herbivorous insect phenology. In this article, we investigate factors, other than temperature, that influence herbivorous insect phenology. We compare published herbivorous insect phenology models parameterizations with multilevel Bayesian models. We find that (1) variation in herbivorous insect phenology can be explained by variation in insect taxonomy, adult body size, feeding site, host plant taxonomy, geographic location, and how a model is parameterized, and (2) the minimum temperature required for development tends to vary across developmental stages.
Journal Article
Plant Growth–promoting Rhizobacteria Have Varied Effects on Quality and Yield of Drought-stressed Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)
Recently, there has been renewed interest in reducing excess inputs into turf, with a special emphasis on reducing water use. One potential mechanism to achieve this goal is the use of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) applications. Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria research in turfgrass is limited, but the few studies that have been conducted show that PGPR can reduce biotic and abiotic stress in turfgrass. Two creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ) cultivars (Penncross and 007) were treated with either PGPR Blend 20, PGPR DH44, water, or nitrogen fertilizer before being subjected to a dry-down period during which half of each treatment was either irrigated or drought stressed. Results indicate that PGPR DH44 may help maintain greater quality in drought-stressed ‘007’ creeping bentgrass compared with nitrogen-treated plots; however, quality did not differ between DH44- and water-treated plots. When drought stressed, PGPR did not help creeping bentgrass maintain clipping yield compared with nitrogen-fertilized or water-treated plots, nor did PGPR affect root biomass. More research is needed before recommendations can be made regarding PGPR applications to turfgrass.
Journal Article
Utility of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Production of Bermudagrass Forage
A two-year study was conducted in bermudagrass hay fields in central Alabama to estimate the potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a tool for sustainable agriculture in forage management. This study compared the effects of two treatments of PGPR, applied with and without lowered rates of nitrogen, to a full rate of nitrogen fertilizer in a hay production system. The PGPR treatments included a single-strain treatment of Paenibacillus riograndensis (DH44), and a blend including two Bacillus pumilus strains (AP7 and AP18) and a strain of Bacillus sphaericus (AP282). Data collection included estimates of forage biomass, forage quality, insect populations, soil mesofauna populations, and soil microbial respiration. Applications of PGPR with a half rate of fertilizer yielded similar forage biomass and quality results as that of a full rate of nitrogen. All PGPR treatments increased soil microbial respiration over time. Additionally, treatments containing Paenibacillus riograndensis positively influenced soil mesofauna populations. The results of this study indicated promising potential for PGPR applied with lowered nitrogen rates to reduce chemical inputs while maintaining yield and quality of forage.
Journal Article
BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE JAPANESE BEETLE
The Japanese beetle,
Popillia japonica
Newman, an introduced scarab,
has become the most widespread and destructive insect pest of turf, landscapes,
and nursery crops in the eastern United States. It also damages many fruit,
garden, and field crops. This review emphasizes recent research on the
beetle's biology and management. Adults feed on leaves, flowers, or fruits
of more than 300 plant species. Adaptations mediating their host finding,
dietary range, mating, and oviposition are discussed. We also address abiotic
and biotic factors affecting population dynamics of the root-feeding larvae.
Japanese beetle grubs are widely controlled with preventive soil insecticides,
but options for remedial control of adults and larvae presently are limited.
Advances in understanding host plant resistance, entomopathogens, and other
biorational approaches may provide more options for integrated management.
Despite ongoing regulatory efforts, the Japanese beetle remains a threat as an
invasive species.
Journal Article
Prolegomena to a critical theory of the global order
We start from, and expand on, a basic insight in negative dialectic, namely, that our main concern should be with the absolute worst in political life. We then consider how this might have an impact on the way we understand the role and grounds of moral equality. Subsequently, we move on to explain the importance of decency in political morality. Finally, we take a closer look to basic data about global poverty and inequality and what these might tell us in light of our analysis of the foundations of moral equality and its relationship to social cruelty.
Journal Article
A globalizing world? Culture, economics, politics
Today's news media is full of references to 'globalization' - a buzz word that is quickly becoming ubiquitous. But what exactly is globalization? What are its main driving forces? Does it truly embrace all aspects of our lives, from economics to cultural developments?
A Globalizing World? examines these and other key questions in a highly accessible fashion, offering a clear and intelligent guide to the big ideas and debates of our time. In doing so, it does not take one particular stance for or against globalizaton; rather, it examines the arguments and evidence about its nature, form and impact.
After introducing the main theoretical positions of those who have studied the subject, key chapters look at the changing form of modern communication and cultural industries, trade patterns and financial flows of the world economy, and whether or not the 'new political world order' is qualitatively different from the old state system. This is essential reading for all students of politics, economics and international relations.
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