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Research findings suggest that campers and managers subscribe to similar goals associated with camping, but they disagree about the types of activities appropriate to attaining those goals. In addition, there seem to be important differences in the way both groups perceive behavioral problems in campgrounds. Campers express less concern than managers about problems such as vandalism, theft, and nuisance behaviors. These differences are thought to be attributed to the social goals and urban behavior patterns of campers compared to the more traditional, natural environment-oriented expectations for camping behavior held by recreation managers. Certain changes in recreation user populations and in the organization of public campgrounds are discussed in relation to behavior problems. A strategy is recommended to avert problems inherent in continued change in the camping scene.

Wilderness experience programs (WEPs) are organizations that conduct outdoor programs in wilderness or comparable lands for purposes of personal growth, therapy, rehabilitation, education, or leadership/organizational development. More than 700 potential WEPs were identified through search of multiple sources and then surveyed, with promotional materials and response forms received from 70 percent of them. From these data WEPs are characterized as to the number of trips offered per year, number of clientele served, kind of areas used, a typology to categorize how they used the wilderness was developed — whether as a teacher or as a classroom, and a directory of WEPs was compiled. Dynamics of the WEP industry are inferred from these data, other studies, and the literature.

A study of visitors to Oregon's Eagle Cap Wilderness in 1965 offered a baseline against which to evaluate how those who recreate in wilderness have changed their views of wilderness. A study of visitors to that same wilderness area in 1993 provided comparative data. Some characteristics of the visitors changed in ways that would suggest that the values visitors placed on wilderness and on the behaviors they would consider appropriate had changed as well. Specifically, visitors were better educated and were more likely to be members of conservation or outdoor recreation organizations. In addition, they were more supportive of actions to maintain the wilderness character of Eagle Cap, and they were more restrictive in the behaviors they considered appropriate in wilderness. Both manager-initiated education efforts and changes in society are believed to contribute to these changes in attitudes.

The concept of leisure activity substitutability is defined as the interchangeability of recreation activities in satisfying participants' motives, needs, wishes and desires. Some basic research questions about substitutability are identified and management implications defined. Some problems hampering research and applications of the concept to policy are described and illustrated.

Research findings suggest that campers and managers subscribe to similar goals associated with camping, but they disagree about the types of activities appropriate to attaining those goals. In addition, there seem to be important differences in the way both groups perceive behavioral problems in campgrounds. Campers express less concern than managers about problems such as vandalism, theft, and nuisance behaviors. These differences are thought to be attributed to the social goals and urban behavior patterns of campers compared to the more traditional, natural environment-oriented expectations for camping behavior held by recreation managers. Certain changes in recreation user populations and in the organization of public campgrounds are discussed in relation to behavior problems. A strategy is recommended to avert problems inherent in continued change in the camping scene.