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The pretreatment of yellow poplar wood sawdust using liquid water at temperatures above 220 degrees C enhances enzyme hydrolysis. This paper reviews our prior research and describes the laboratory reactor system currently in use for cooking wood sawdust at temperatures ranging from 220 to 260 degrees C. The wood sawdust at a 6-6.6% solid/liquid slurry was treated in a 2 L, 304 SS, Parr reactor with three turbine propeller agitators and a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller, which controlled temperature within +/- 1 degree C. Heat-up times to the final temperatures of 220, 240, or 260 degrees C were achieved in 60-70 min. Hold time at the final temperature was less than 1 min. A serpentine cooling coil, through which tap water was circulated at the completion of the run, cooled the reactor's contents within 3 min after the maximum temperature was attained. A bottoms port, as well as ports in the reactor's head plate, facilitated sampling of the slurry and measuring the pH, which changes from an initial value of 5 before cooking to a value of approx 3 after cooking. Enzyme hydrolysis gave 80-90% conversion of cellulose in the pretreated wood to glucose. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of washed, pretreated lignocellulose gave an ethanol yield that was 55% of theoretical. Untreated wood sawdust gave less than 5% hydrolysis under the same conditions

The potential for future commercialization of glyphosate-resistant wheat necessitates evaluation of agronomic merits of this technology. Experiments were established to evaluate glyphosateresistant wheat and weed responses to glyphosate rate, application timing, and tank mixtures. Glyphosate at 1,680 g/ha did not injure wheat. Wheat response to gly applied to one- to threeor three- to five-leaf wheat was not different from that of untreated wheat. Wheat was injured me from glyphosate plus thifensulfuron or glyphosate plus dicamba than from individual herbicides at one of six locations, but grain yield was not affected by glyphosate tank mixtures. Glyphosate application timing did not affect control of wild oat or common lambsquarters 56 d after treatment. Glyphosate when applied to one- to three-leaf wheat provided better control of wild buckwheat than later glyphosate application, whereas glyphosate applied to three- to five-leaf wheat provided the best control of green and yellow foxtail, redroot pigweed, and Canada thistle. Weed control with glyphosate tended to be better than with conventional herbicides, and wheat treated with glyphosate produced approximately 10% more grain than wheat treated with conventional herbicide tank mixes.

The pretreatment of corn fiber using liquid water at temperatures between 220 and 260°C enhances enzymatic hydrolysis. This paper describes the laboratory reactor system currently in use for cooking of corn fiber at temperatures ranging from 200 to 260°C. The corn fiber at approx 4.4% solid/liquid slurry was treated in a 2-L, 304 SS, Parr reactor with three turbine propeller agitators and a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), controller that controlled temperature within ±1°C. Heat-up times to the final temperatures of 220, 240, or 260°C were achieved in 50 to 60 min. Hold time at the final temperature was less than 10 s. A serpentine cooling coil, through which tap water was circulated at the completion of the run, cooled the reactor's contents to 180°C within 2 min after the maximum temperature was attained. Ports in the reactor's head plate facilitated sampling of the slurry and monitoring the pH. A continuous pH monitoring system was developed to help observe trends in pH during pretreatment and to assist in the development of a base (2.0M KOH) addition profile to help keep the pH within the range of 5.0 to 7.0. Enzymatic hydrolysis gave 33 to 84% conversion of cellulose in the pretreated fiber to glucose compared to 17% for untreated fiber.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

This study examines the differences in treatment of noncustodial mothers and noncustodial fathers by courts at the time of divorce. Data were collected from 1,043 randomly selected court cases concerning 1986 divorces with minor children. If the single variable of child support is considered, it would appear that noncustodial mothers have an economic advantage over noncustodial fathers. Further examination of the family and cultural contexts reveals that noncustodial mothers are in more economic danger than noncustodial fathers, even before the transfer of child support. Policy implications are discussed.

A sample of 492 court case records in one state was used to critique three policy goals of quantitative child support guidelines. Child support awards deviated downward from the guidelines particularly at higher income levels of obligors and upward from the guidelines at lower income levels. The court-ordered awards met 58% of the children's income needs represented by poverty level incomes. Custodial parents contributed higher proportional shares of money income to children than noncustodial parents, based on income equivalence methodology.