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Urban green infrastructure is increasingly recognized as a core component of urban sustainability, providing regulating ecosystem services (ES) that support climate resilience, environmental quality, and long-term urban livability. However, empirical evidence on the long-term stability of ecosystem services (ES) in rapidly urbanizing cities remains limited. Despite widespread assumptions that urbanization inevitably leads to irreversible ecological decline, few studies have quantitatively examined whether ES can persist, or even recover, over multi-decadal time horizons relevant to sustainable urban development. This study investigates the long-term trajectories of eight urban ES in Seoul, South Korea, across nearly five decades (1978–2025) and eight congressional districts, providing one of the longest temporal assessments of urban ES in East Asia. Using i-Tree Canopy and high-resolution aerial imagery across four benchmark years (1978, 1989, 2010, 2025), this study quantified standardized indicators for carbon sequestration (CSeq), avoided runoff (AVRO), and removal of six atmospheric pollutants (O3, NO2, SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5). Paired-sample t-tests and Cohen’s dz (effect size) were used to assess within-district temporal shifts and the magnitude of ecological change. Results reveal a pronounced period of early ecological stress during rapid industrialization (1978–1989), with negative standardized effect sizes across all services (dz between −0.65 and −0.72). However, these early losses were not sustained. Structural services such as CSeq and AVRO exhibited long-term functional stability, with effect sizes converging toward zero and the 1978–2025 change in CSeq showing no statistical difference (p = 0.784). Pollutant removal services followed an early-decline–followed-by-recovery trajectory, exemplified by CO removal shifting from a large early decline (dz = −0.72) to a modest positive effect in later decades dz = 0.31). These findings indicate that Seoul’s sustained urban greening and environmental policies were effective in preventing further deterioration and maintaining core ecological functions, even if they produced stabilization rather than significant long-term gains in ES delivery.

To build in vitro tissues for therapeutic applications, it is essential to replicate the spatial distribution of cells that occurs during morphogenesis in vivo. However, it remains technically challenging to simultaneously regulate the geometric alignment and aggregation of cells during tissue fabrication. Here, we introduce the acoustofluidic bioassembly induced morphogenesis, which is the combination of precise arrangement of cells by the mechanical forces produced by acoustofluidic cues, and the morphological and functional changes of cells in the following in vitro and in vivo cultures. The acoustofluidic bioassembly can be used to create tissues with regulated nano-, micro-, and macro-structures. We demonstrate that the neuromuscular tissue fabricated with the acoustofluidic bioassembly exhibits enhanced contraction dynamics, electrophysiology, and therapeutic efficacy. The potential of the acoustofluidic bioassembly as an in situ application is demonstrated by fabricating artificial tissues at the defect sites of living tissues. The acoustofluidic bioassembly induced morphogenesis can provide a pioneering platform to fabricate tissues for biomedical applications. Tissue engineering is essential for drug screening and regenerative medicine. Here, authors developed an acoustofluidic method that can induce morphogenesis of therapeutic tissues at varied dimensions/scales.