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Most people believe that the future will bring them more good things than bad, and therefore have high hopes for the future (MacLeod et al. Cogn Emot 10:69–85, 1996). However, many patients with mood disorders do not hold this positive belief about the future. At the extreme, low expectations of positive outcomes in the future can lead to feelings of hopelessness (O’Connor et al. Psychol Health Med 5:155–161, 2000). This paper aims to extend the literature on subjective probability of future events, using a mood induction paradigm to examine the effects of transient mood change on perceived likelihood of future events in a non-clinical community sample. Participants rated likelihood of future events from a standardized list and from their own lives. Ratings were made in both normal and experimentally-induced positive or negative mood. Results show that self-generated future events were perceived to be more likely than those from a standardized list, and that negative mood significantly biased perceived likelihood of other-generated future events. Participants rating standardized list events saw positive outcomes as less likely and negative outcomes as more likely in induced negative mood than they did in normal mood. Mood had no effect on ratings of self-generated events. Possible directions for future research are discussed.

Long-term vulnerability to depression is related to the presence of perceived discrepancies between the actual self and ideal self-guides. This study examined the immediate effects of an 8-week course of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on self-discrepancies in individuals currently in recovery, with a history of affective disorder that included suicidal ideation and behaviour. Results indicated significant time  ×  group interactions for both ideal self similarity and ideal self likelihood ratings, primarily accounted for by increases in self-discrepancy from pre-test to post-test in the waiting list group which were not seen in those receiving MBCT. Changes in self-discrepancy were not associated with changes in residual depressive symptoms, but in the MBCT group there was a significant association between increases in ideal self similarity and the adoption of more adaptive ideal self-guides post treatment. MBCT may protect against increases in self-discrepancy in people vulnerable to relapse to depression and may also facilitate a shift in the goals of self-regulation.

This chapter explores the hypothesis that the way people react to distressing stimuli, including the presence of suicidal ideation, is critical in determining whether these problems become “adhesive”, perpetuating a sense of entrapment. In particular, it suggests that the greatest difficulties arise when the presence of distressing situations, thoughts, or feelings immediately and automatically triggers a sense of discrepancy; a mode of mind that has developed to support discrepancy reduction is adopted to solve the problem, but fails to do so; and there is a tendency to automatically resort to increasingly maladaptive forms of discrepancy‐based processing, such as rumination and experiential avoidance, which over time may become habitual responses to discrepancies of all types. The chapter also presents the findings of several studies which, using convergent methodologies and examines elements of the mode of mind hypothesis as it applies to suicidal people.

This chapter contains sections titled: Abstract Introduction Background Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 Reducing Dependence on the ‘Doing’ Mode of Mind The Effects of Mindfulness on the Triggers for the ‘Doing’ Mode Conclusions References

Latinos are 1.5 times more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) than non-Hispanic white Americans. Latinos also have the highest prevalence of caring for a loved one with ADRD. They spend more time in caregiving-related activities, have limited social support and access to quality dementia care, and have significantly worse physical and mental health. The paucity of culturally congruent interventions to improve Latino ADRD caregivers’ psychological well-being continues to perpetuate poorer outcomes and disparities among Latino caregivers. While several effective psychoeducation and skill-building caregiver programs have been developed, these interventions lack representation of Latino caregivers. Thus, culturally attuned adaptations and implementation of available interventions for Latinos are needed to address this critical gap. This study engaged community-dwelling older Latinos, including Latino caregivers, and Latino community organization leaders, to collaborate in cultural adaptation of the Tele-Savvy program and clinical trial design. Employing community-engaged approaches, we combined a staged cultural adaptation framework and a locally developed training program to engage Latinos in caregiving research. Nine Latino community members served on a community advisory board (CAB). Members first engaged in a training program to develop knowledge about ADRD and skills in conducting research and cultural adaptation. Following the training, members engaged in cultural adaptation of Tele-Savvy and the design of a future clinical trial to test the adapted intervention with Latino ADRD caregivers. We will discuss preliminary findings from the cultural adaptation work with CAB members and future directions to inform the testing of the adapted Tele-Savvy and its refinement.