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The fatty acid profile of hepatocytes and adipocytes is determined by the composition of the dietary lipids. It remains unclear which fatty acid components contribute to the development or reduction of insulin resistance. The present work examined the fatty acid composition of both tissues in sucrose-induced obese rats receiving fish oil to determine whether the effect of dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the reversion of metabolic syndrome in these rats is associated to changes in the fatty acid composition of hepatocyte and adipocyte membrane lipids. Animals with metabolic syndrome were divided into a corn–canola oil diet group and a fish oil diet group, and tissues fatty acids composition were analyzed after 6 weeks of dietary treatment. Fatty acid profiles of the total membrane lipids were modified by the fatty acid composition of the diets fed to rats. N-3 PUFAs levels in animals receiving the fish oil diet plus sucrose in drinking water were significantly higher than in animals under corn–canola oil diets. It is concluded that in sucrose-induced obese rats, consumption of dietary fish oil had beneficial effects on the metabolic syndrome and that such effects would be conditioned by the changes in the n-3 PUFAs composition in hepatic and adipose tissues because they alter membrane properties and modify the type of substrates available for the production of active lipid metabolites acting on insulin resistance and obesity.

Background: Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are a group of isomers derived from linoleic acid, naturally present in beef, lamb, and dairy products. CLA has been reported to exert therapeutic effects on cancer, obesity, and diabetes. This study evaluated the effects of a mixture containing equal proportions of CLA isomers (c9,t11 and t10,c12) on insulin resistance (IR) and their incorporation into the plasma membranes of adipocytes and hepatocytes in SHRs. Methods: For eight weeks, one group of hypertensive rats received sunflower oil supplemented with CLA isomers, while the control group received only vegetable oil. Serum parameters were measured, and the fatty acid composition of plasma membranes was analyzed using gas chromatography. Results: Rats treated with CLA isomers showed a reduction in body weight (BW), IR, and hypertension. Additionally, there was a significant incorporation of CLA into the plasma membranes of adipocytes and hepatocytes. In contrast, the control rats displayed higher levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid and arachidonic acid (AA) in their membranes, which promote the synthesis of eicosanoids and hypertensive prostaglandins. These findings were further supported by data mining analysis, which linked the results to the expression levels of genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of PGE2, D2, and F2α from AA. Conclusion: The mixture of CLA isomers reduced BW, IR, and hypertension in SHRs. These effects were associated with the incorporation of c9,t11 and t10,c12 isomers into the plasma membranes of adipocytes and hepatocytes.

Oxysterols are structurally similar to cholesterol, but are characterized by one or more additional oxygen-containing functional groups. These compounds are implicated in inflammation given their ability to cause irreversible damage to vascular cells. The aim of this study was to study the alteration of some inflammatory biomarkers in Wistar rats in response to dietary oxysterols. Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups of six rats each. A standard diet supplemented with 1% ( w / w ) pure cholesterol (Chol group) or 1% ( w / w ) of an oxidized cholesterol mixture (COPs group) was fed for 8 weeks. Blood serum was separated; abdominal, pericardial, and epididymal adipose tissue was removed carefully. The COPs subjects exhibited significant increase in blood pressure and serum triacylgycerols as well as increased body fat index and pericardic, abdominal, and epididymal adipose tissue. These effects were accompanied by elevated circulating levels of plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and resistin. We suggest that dietary oxysterols have an important pro-inflammatory effect.

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are a group of isomers derived from linoleic acid, naturally present in beef, lamb, and dairy products. CLA has been reported to exert therapeutic effects on cancer, obesity, and diabetes. This study evaluated the effects of a mixture containing equal proportions of CLA isomers (c9,t11 and t10,c12) on insulin resistance (IR) and their incorporation into the plasma membranes of adipocytes and hepatocytes in SHRs. For eight weeks, one group of hypertensive rats received sunflower oil supplemented with CLA isomers, while the control group received only vegetable oil. Serum parameters were measured, and the fatty acid composition of plasma membranes was analyzed using gas chromatography. Rats treated with CLA isomers showed a reduction in body weight (BW), IR, and hypertension. Additionally, there was a significant incorporation of CLA into the plasma membranes of adipocytes and hepatocytes. In contrast, the control rats displayed higher levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid and arachidonic acid (AA) in their membranes, which promote the synthesis of eicosanoids and hypertensive prostaglandins. These findings were further supported by data mining analysis, which linked the results to the expression levels of genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of PGE2, D2, and F2α from AA. The mixture of CLA isomers reduced BW, IR, and hypertension in SHRs. These effects were associated with the incorporation of c9,t11 and t10,c12 isomers into the plasma membranes of adipocytes and hepatocytes. Conjugated linoleic acids are a group of isomers derived from linoleic acid, naturally present in beef, lamb, and dairy products. CLA has been reported to exert therapeutic effects on cancer, obesity, and diabetes. This study evaluated the effects of a mixture containing equal proportions of CLA isomers (c9,t11 and t10,c12) on IR and their incorporation into the plasma membranes of adipocytes and hepatocytes in SHRs. For eight weeks, one group of hypertensive rats received sunflower oil supplemented with CLA isomers, while the control group received only vegetable oil. Serum parameters were measured, and the fatty acid composition of plasma membranes was analyzed using gas chromatography. Rats treated with CLA isomers showed a reduction in BW, IR, and hypertension. Additionally, there was a significant incorporation of CLA into the plasma membranes of adipocytes and hepatocytes. In contrast, the control rats displayed higher levels of n-6 PUFA and AA in their membranes, which promote the synthesis of eicosanoids and hypertensive prostaglandins. These findings were further supported by data mining analysis, which linked the results to the expression levels of genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of PGE2, D2, and F2α from AA. The mixture of CLA isomers reduced BW, IR, and HTN in SHRs. These effects were associated with the incorporation of c9,t11 and t10,c12 isomers into the plasma membranes of adipocytes and hepatocytes.

Data on short-term peripheral intravenous catheter-related bloodstream infections per 1,000 peripheral venous catheter days (PIVCR BSIs per 1,000 PVC days) rates from Latin America are not available, so they have not been thoroughly studied. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) members conducted a prospective, surveillance study on PIVCR BSIs from January 2010 to March 2018 in 100 intensive care units (ICUs) among 41 hospitals, in 26 cities of 9 countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican-Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Health Safety Network (NHSN) definitions were applied, and INICC methodology and INICC Surveillance Online System software were used. In total, 10,120 ICU patients were followed for 40,078 bed days and 38,262 PVC days. In addition, 79 PIVCR BSIs were identified, with a rate of 2.06 per 1,000 PVC days (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.635-2.257). The average length of stay (ALOS) of patients without a PIVCR BSI was 3.95 days, and the ALOS was 5.29 days for patients with a PIVCR BSI. The crude extra ALOS was 1.34 days (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.0975-1.6351; P = .040).The mortality rate in patients without PIVCR BSI was 3.67%, and this rate was 6.33% in patients with a PIVCR BSI. The crude extra mortality was 1.70 times higher. The microorganism profile showed 48.5% gram-positive bacteria (coagulase-negative Staphylococci 25.7%) and 48.5% gram-negative bacteria: Acinetobacter spp, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp (8.5% each one), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.7%), and Candida spp (2.8%). The resistances of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 0% to amikacin and 50% to meropenem. The resistance of Acinetobacter baumanii to amikacin was 0%, and the resistance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus to oxacillin was 75%. Our PIVCR BSI rates were higher than rates from more economically developed countries and were similar to those of countries with limited resources.

Background: Palpation, a traditional haptic ability, is used daily by practitioners of all medical and surgical specialties to assess patients. In the current study, one of the authors, in a routine clinical setting, was able to deduce the dynamic features of the putative inferior belly of omohyoid. This led to a proof-of-concept study that yielded results consistent with the clinical findings. Methods: The first part of the study involved a survey of 300 rheumatic disease patients in whom the greater supraclavicular fossa was explored by palpation. While the patient kept the head straight, the clinician placed his middle three fingers 2.5–3 cm dorsal to the clavicle in the window between the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius clavicular insertions, explored the supraclavicular fossa, and palpated the paired contractile inferior belly of the assumed omohyoid during flexion in the three orthogonal planes. In the second part of the study, five normal subjects were examined in a similar manner by the same clinician and had independent ultrasonography performed on the dominant side. Descriptive statistics were used, and Yates’ corrected chi-squared test was applied to certain nominal variables. Additionally, a comparative anterolateral bilateral neck dissection was performed in a cadaveric specimen. Results: Both studies showed that the contractile structure was the inferior belly of omohyoid and that its contraction occurred during anterior neck flexion and was opposite to the side of neck rotation, resembling the sternocleidomastoid. Conclusions: Palpation uncovered a previously unknown function of the inferior belly of omohyoid, suggesting that physical examination of the musculoskeletal system based on palpation may lead to hypotheses worthy of exploration.

The objective of the present study is to evaluate, by ultrasonography (US), the prevalence in the quadriceps, patellar, and Achilles tendon involvement of gout compared to that of patients with osteoarthritis and asymptomatic marathon runners. This is a multicenter, multinational, transverse cross-sectional, and comparative study comprising 80 patients with the diagnosis of gout according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, compared with two control groups: 35 patients with generalized osteoarthritis according to the ACR criteria and 35 subjects who were healthy marathon runners. Demographics and clinical characteristics, such as age, gender, comorbidity, disease duration, pain at the enthesis in the knee and ankle, frequency of disease exacerbations, uric acid level more than 7.2 mg at the time of evaluation, and type of treatment, were recorded. All participants were examined by ultrasound at the quadriceps, the patellar at its proximal and distal insertion, and the Achilles tendon to detect intra-tendinous tophus or aggregates according to the OMERACT definitions. Descriptive statistics and differences between groups were analyzed by chi-square test. Sensitivity and specificity by US were calculated. The prevalence of intra-tendinous aggregates and tophi in gout was significant compared with the other groups. Both lesions were the most frequent at the distal patellar insertion, followed by the quadriceps, Achilles, and proximal patellar insertion ones. In patients with osteoarthritis (OA), intra-tendinous hyperechoic aggregates were observed in 20 % of quadriceps tendons and in 11 % of patellar tendons at its proximal insertion, while in the healthy marathon runner group, the Achilles tendon had this kind of lesion in 17 % of the subjects. Neither the OA nor the healthy marathon runners had intra-tendinous tophi. The sensitivity and specificity of US to detect tophi or aggregates were 69.6 and 92 %, respectively, tendon involvement at the lower limbs in gout is very frequent, particularly in the patellar tendon, and US possesses good sensitivity and specificity for detecting intra-tendinous tophi.

Conversion of agricultural lands to forest plantations to mitigate rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has been proposed, but it depends on accurate estimation of the on-site carbon (C) stocks distribution. The use of aerial laser scanning (ALS) data is a rapidly evolving technology for the quantification of C stocks. We evaluated the use of allometric models together with high-density ALS data for the quantification of biomass and soil C stocks in a 14-year-old Quercus ilex and Q. suber plantation in Southwestern Spain. In 2010, a field survey was performed and tree dasometric and biomass variables were measured. Forty-five soil profiles (N = 180 soil samples) were taken systematically and the soil organic C content (SOC) was determined. Biomass and soil organic C values were regressed against individual dasometric variables and total tree height was used as a predictor variable. Aerial laser scanning data were acquired with a point density of 12 points m−2. Relationships among ALS metrics and tree height were determined using stepwise regression models and used in the allometric models to estimate biomass and SOC C stocks. Finally, a C stock map of the holm-cork oak cover in the study area was generated. We found a tree total biomass of 27.9 kg tree−1 for holm oak and 41.1 kg tree−1 for cork oak. In the holm oak plantation, the SOC content was 36.90 Mg ha−1 for the layer 0–40 cm (SOC40) under the tree crown and 29.26 Mg ha−1 for the inter-planted area, with significant differences from the reference agricultural land (33.35 Mg ha−1). Linear regression models were developed to predict the biomass and SOC at the tree scale, based on tree height (R2 > 0.72 for biomass, and R2 > 0.62 for SOC). The overall on-site C stock in the holm-cork oak plantation was 35.11 Mg ha−1, representing a net C stock rise of 0.47 Mg ha−1 yr−1. The ALS data allows a reliable estimation of C stocks in holm and cork oak plantations and high-resolution maps of on-site C stocks are useful for silvicultural planning. The cost of ALS data acquisition has decreased and this method can be generalised to plantations of other Mediterranean species established on agricultural lands at regional scales. However, an increase of filed data and the availability of local biomass and, in particular, SOC will improve accurate quantification of the C stocks from allometric equations, and extrapolation to large planted areas.

The bagasse of Agave tequilana Weber is one of the most abundant agroindustrial wastes in the state of Jalisco. However, at the present time, there is no technical use for this waste, and its high availability makes it an environmental problem. The objective of this research was to take advantage of this waste and give it an added value to be used in the elaboration of advanced materials. In this sense, the agave bagasse cellulose was obtained using an organosolv method. To obtain the nanofibrils, the cellulose was passed through 6 cycles of a microfluidizer. The material was classified by FTIR, confirming the presence of the functional groups (O-H, C-H, C-C, and C-O-C), characteristics of cellulose, and the elimination of hemicellulose and lignin present in agave bagasse without treatment. The X-ray diffraction technique allowed the determination of the degree of crystallinity of the cellulose nanofibers, which was 68.5%, with a negative zeta potential of −42 mV. The images from the atomic force microscopy helped for the observation of the degree of fibrillation in the cellulose, and with the software ImageJ, the average diameter of the nanofibers was determined to be 75 ± 5 nm with a relatively uniform length of 1.0–1.2 μm. Finally, by means of thermogravimetric analysis, it was found that the obtained cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) supported high temperatures of thermal decomposition, so it was concluded that due to the diameter of the fibrils, the high resistance to pressure, and elasticity, the nanofibrils obtained in this investigation can be used in the elaboration of advanced materials.

Several association studies have indicated that the HTR1A gene is associated with suicidal behavior (SB). Thus, a systematic assessment of the association of HTR1A was performed based on a literature review and pooled analysis. Four electronic databases were comprehensively searched to find and pinpoint all case–control articles related to this study. When analyzing the genetic association with SB, data were divided into: (A) SB cases vs. healthy controls and (B) SB cases vs. psychiatric controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed as measures of association. Heterogeneity among included studies was analyzed using sensitivity test and Q statistics. Publication bias was also explored by Egger and rank correlation test. Thirteen case–control studies were selected in this meta-analysis, involving 2817 SB patients, 2563 healthy controls and 545 psychiatric controls. In the overall comparison between SB cases and healthy controls, result showed that the rs6295 polymorphisms of HTR1A gene was associated with SB, but only when using the recessive model (OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.80–2.71, P < 0.001). In the smaller sample size comparison between SB and psychiatric controls, no significant association was detected with rs6295 in any of the five genetics models tested. The present meta-analysis suggests that rs6295 polymorphism of HTR1A gene could increase the risk for SB. Well-designed studies with more patients will be required to validate these results.