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Hyperides Funeral oration
Hyperides' Funeral Oration is arguably the most important surviving example of the genre from classical Greece. The speech stands apart from other funeral orations (epitaphioi) in a few key respects. First, we have the actual text as it was delivered in Athens (the other speeches, with the possible expection of Demosthenes 60, are literary compositions). Next, in contrast to other orations that look to the past and make only the vaguest mention of recent events, Hyperides' speech is a valuable source for the military history of the Lamian War as it captures the optimistic mood in Athens after Alexander's death. Finally, the speech has been singled out since Longinus' time for its poetic effects. This volume is a new critical edition and commentary of the speech, written for scholars and graduate students in classics and ancient history. Although Hyperides ranked nearly as high as Demosthenes in the canon of Attic orators and his funeral oration will make the speech much more accessible to a wide range of scholars. The text is based on a full examination of the papyrus and includes an apparatus criticus, with a complete listing of all conjectures in a separate appendix. The translation is clear and accurate and the commentary provides a mixture of historical, cultural, and literary material.
eBook
Funeral oration
Hyperides' Funeral Oration is arguably the most important surviving example of the genre from classical Greece. The speech stands apart from other funeral orations (epitaphioi) in a few key respects. First, we have the actual text as it was delivered in Athens (the other speeches, with the possible expection of Demosthenes 60, are literary compositions). Next, in contrast to other orations that look to the past and make only the vaguest mention of recent events, Hyperides' speech is a valuable source for the military history of the Lamian War as it captures the optimistic mood in Athens after Alexander's death. Finally, the speech has been singled out since Longinus' time for its poetic effects. This volume is a new critical edition and commentary of the speech, written for scholars and graduate students in classics and ancient history. Although Hyperides ranked nearly as high as Demosthenes in the canon of Attic orators and his funeral oration will make the speech much more accessible to a wide range of scholars. The text is based on a full examination of the papyrus and includes an apparatus criticus, with a complete listing of all conjectures in a separate appendix. The translation is clear and accurate and the commentary provides a mixture of historical, cultural, and literary material.
eBook
HYPERIDES' AGAINST DIONDAS AND THE RHETORIC OF REVOLT
Despite the conspicuous similarities between the new fragment of Hyperides' speech Against Diondas, from the year 334, and Demosthenes' On the Crown, Hyperides gives much greater attention to events and circumstances after the battle of Chaeronea. This interest in the contemporary Athenian situation at the time of the League of Corinth is also visible in [Demosthenes] 17, which should be dated to 331 and which was perhaps composed by Hyperides, and in Hyperides' Funeral Oration, from early 322. The new fragment of Against Diondas anticipates these later speeches and in it Hyperides emerges as a conspicuously vocal opponent of Macedón already in the mid-330s.
Journal Article
Hyperides’ Funeral Oration
As we have just seen, the speeches of the 330s focus on the defeat at Chaeronea, which they present as the most recent event in a long tradition of Athenian accomplishments. These orations pay little attention to subsequent developments, as Philip and Alexander consolidated their control of Greece. But in the 320s Athenian prospects improved dramatically, and the death of Alexander in 323 provided an ideal opportunity to renew the fight for the freedom lost at Chaeronea. Hyperides’ speech reflects the changed situation. With its focus on recent events, it stands apart from Athenian speeches of the 330s and from earlier funeral orations. The Athenians had finally put Chaeronea be- hind them, and Hyperides shows them that the current campaign was more important than any of their ancestors’ achievements.
Book Chapter
The Historical Background
Hyperides (born in 390/389) delivered the Funeral Oration in Athens in early 322. For more than twenty years he had been one of the leading opponents of Macedonian involvement in Greek affairs, and the Funeral Oration marks the pinnacle of the Athenian policy of resistance to Macedon. Philip defeated the Greek allies at Chaeronea in August 338 and afterward instituted a league of Greek states under Macedonian control. Fifteen years later, after the death of Philip’s son Alexander in 323, the Greeks revolted. The rebellion was initially successful, and the Funeral Oration evinces the optimistic mood of Hyperides and other Athenians at the time. We will now contextualize that optimism, first by examining Hyperides’ role in the decades-long Athenian debate over relations with Macedon, and then by considering the events that led to the Lamian War in 323 at Crannon. Athens was forced to submit to the Macedonian terms, which included a garrison in the Piraeus. Demosthenes and Hyperides were condemned to death by the Assembly, under the leadership of Demades, and subsequently arrested and killed by agents of Antipater, who cut out Hyperides’ tongue.
Book Chapter
The Rhetorical Background
Hyperides’ Funeral Oration was addressed to a large audience of Athenians and foreigners at the public ceremony for the burial of the war dead in early 322. We will now consider the institutional setting of the speech and the characteristic elements found in Athenian state funeral orations. We will then focus on the Demosthenic Funeral Oration and examine the coexistence of traditional motifs and current attitudes to- ward Macedon in that speech. We will see that Demosthenes defends the decision to fight the Macedonians at Chaeronea by invoking patriotic models from Athenian history, and at the same time his speech reflects its historical context in 338. From there we will turn to other speeches of the 330s and find a similar attitude of nostalgic patriotism alongside acknowledgment of the Macedonian hegemony. This discussion of the rhetorical background to Hyperides’ speech will help illuminate the innovative techniques and newfound optimism of Hyperides’ Funeral Oration, on which we will concentrate in the following section.
Book Chapter
The Text and Translation
The Funeral Oration was one of the first examples of Greek literature rediscovered on papyrus in the middle of the nineteenth century. It was found near Egyptian Thebes and brought to London in late 1856 by H. Stobart. The first editor, Churchill Babington, arranged the fifteen fragments into fourteen columns. This arrangement is clearly confirmed by the texts on both sides of the papyrus, and quickly won wide assent. Friedrich Blass made one important modification when he recognized that the fragments Babington had classified as the first two columns in fact join to form one column. One additional small piece of the papyrus (my fragment 1a) has not been placed; it must come from the right half of col. 11 or from an additional section of the papyrus, otherwise lost, that came after col. 13.
Book Chapter