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Unprefixed Russian motion verbs present unique challenges for second language (L2) learners as they encode distinct types of motion events. Traditional, directionality-based methods of teaching these verbs have faced criticism, prompting the adoption of alternative, cognitively informed approaches. This article builds on usage-based methodologies, such as those proposed by Nesset and Janda (2022), to investigate whether teaching unprefixed verbs of motion (UVoMs) as constructions can enhance L2 instruction. Using the frequent UVoM pair idti and xodit′ , both meaning ‘walk’, as a case study, I pursue two main goals. First, drawing on corpus data, I examine the construction UVoM + prepositional phrase in order to determine how its components—verb form, preposition, and noun—serve as cues for selecting the appropriate verb. I argue that contextual construal, as encoded in the construction’s elements, drives verb choice. Second, I evaluate the potential efficacy of this approach by modeling an idealized learner of Russian. The findings reveal that learners using contextual cues embedded in constructions can accurately select the correct verb in most cases. These results underscore the value of a construction-based, usage-driven framework for teaching UVoMs, thus offering strategic input that aligns with cognitive linguistic principles and supports L2 acquisition.

HIV-1 envelope spike (Env) is a type I membrane protein that mediates viral entry. We used nuclear magnetic resonance to determine an atomic structure of the transmembrane (TM) domain of HIV-1 Env reconstituted in bicelles that mimic a lipid bilayer. The TM forms a well-ordered trimer that protects a conserved membrane-embedded arginine. An amino-terminal coiled-coil and a carboxyl-terminal hydrophilic core stabilize the trimer. Individual mutations of conserved residues did not disrupt the TM trimer and minimally affected membrane fusion and infectivity. Major changes in the hydrophilic core, however, altered the antibody sensitivity of Env. These results show how a TM domain anchors, stabilizes, and modulates a viral envelope spike and suggest that its influence on Env conformation is an important consideration for HIV-1 immunogen design.

A non-enveloped virus requires a membrane lesion to deliver its genome into a target cell 1 . For rotaviruses, membrane perforation is a principal function of the viral outer-layer protein, VP4 2 , 3 . Here we describe the use of electron cryomicroscopy to determine how VP4 performs this function and show that when activated by cleavage to VP8* and VP5*, VP4 can rearrange on the virion surface from an ‘upright’ to a ‘reversed’ conformation. The reversed structure projects a previously buried ‘foot’ domain outwards into the membrane of the host cell to which the virion has attached. Electron cryotomograms of virus particles entering cells are consistent with this picture. Using a disulfide mutant of VP4, we have also stabilized a probable intermediate in the transition between the two conformations. Our results define molecular mechanisms for the first steps of the penetration of rotaviruses into the membranes of target cells and suggest similarities with mechanisms postulated for other viruses. Electron cryomicroscopy and cryotomography studies reveal that rotaviruses attach to a target cell through the outer-layer protein VP4, which—following cleavage—rearranges to enable perforation of the membrane and delivery of the viral genome into the host cell.

Rotaviruses infect cells by delivering into the cytosol a transcriptionally active inner capsid particle (a \"double-layer particle\": DLP). Delivery is the function of a third, outer layer, which drives uptake from the cell surface into small vesicles from which the DLPs escape. In published work, we followed stages of rhesus rotavirus (RRV) entry by live-cell imaging and correlated them with structures from cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography (cryo-EM and cryo-ET). The virus appears to wrap itself in membrane, leading to complete engulfment and loss of Ca 2+ from the vesicle produced by the wrapping. One of the outer-layer proteins, VP7, is a Ca 2+ -stabilized trimer; loss of Ca 2+ releases both VP7 and the other outer-layer protein, VP4, from the particle. VP4, activated by cleavage into VP8* and VP5*, is a trimer that undergoes a large-scale conformational rearrangement, reminiscent of the transition that viral fusion proteins undergo to penetrate a membrane. The rearrangement of VP5* thrusts a 250-residue, C-terminal segment of each of the three subunits outward, while allowing the protein to remain attached to the virus particle and to the cell being infected. We proposed that this segment inserts into the membrane of the target cell, enabling Ca 2+ to cross. In the work reported here, we show the validity of key aspects of this proposed sequence. By cryo-EM studies of liposome-attached virions (\"triple-layer particles\": TLPs) and single-particle fluorescence imaging of liposome-attached TLPs, we confirm insertion of the VP4 C-terminal segment into the membrane and ensuing generation of a Ca 2+ \"leak\". The results allow us to formulate a molecular description of early events in entry. We also discuss our observations in the context of other work on double-strand RNA virus entry.

3D integration and miniaturization techniques get more widely used in conventional integrated circuits but also represent crucial ingredients for future quantum computing devices. This consolidates the need for efficiently detecting increasingly small defects on wafer size. Here we present a time-efficient and accurate way of measuring, localizing and statistically classifying defects down to the micrometer regime, utilizing a combination of scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), You Only Look Once object detection, semantic segmentation and a machine learning super-resolution (ML-SR) approach. In particular, we test the capabilities of different ML-SR approaches to enable self-supervised quality enhancement of the measured image data. We reveal that the developed AI-powered workflow enhances time-efficiency by a factor of around 4x and 6x for the TSV and delamination analysis, respectively. Yet, the mentioned approach is not limited to SAM image data but presents a general way for speeding-up failure analysis in various fields.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Differential diagnosis with cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by E. granulosus and AE is challenging. We aimed at improving diagnosis of AE on paraffin sections of infected human tissue by immunohistochemical testing of a specific antibody. We have analysed 96 paraffin archived specimens, including 6 cutting needle biopsies and 3 fine needle aspirates, from patients with suspected AE or CE with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Em2G11 specific for the Em2 antigen of E. multilocularis metacestodes. In human tissue, staining with mAb Em2G11 is highly specific for E. multilocularis metacestodes while no staining is detected in CE lesions. In addition, the antibody detects small particles of E. multilocularis (spems) of less than 1 µm outside the main lesion in necrotic tissue, liver sinusoids and lymphatic tissue most probably caused by shedding of parasitic material. The conventional histological diagnosis based on haematoxylin and eosin and PAS stainings were in accordance with the immunohistological diagnosis using mAb Em2G11 in 90 of 96 samples. In 6 samples conventional subtype diagnosis of echinococcosis had to be adjusted when revised by immunohistology with mAb Em2G11. Immunohistochemistry with the mAb Em2G11 is a new, highly specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for AE. The staining of small particles of E. multilocularis (spems) outside the main lesion including immunocompetent tissue, such as lymph nodes, suggests a systemic effect on the host.

Rising demand and workforce shortages challenge European healthcare systems. Unscheduled healthcare, including out-of-hours (OOH) primary care, is often managed through telephone triage. Improving triage quality is essential to maintain accessible and sustainable unscheduled care across Europe. To describe the role and organization of telephone triage in OOH primary care services that provide care for patients with urgent unscheduled health problems. A cross-national questionnaire-based expert study. We developed a web-based questionnaire that was distributed to members of a European research network on OOH primary care (EurOOHnet), aiming to have one informant per country. Questionnaire data were validated through email consultation with informants. Expert informants from 16 countries completed the survey. Most countries had general practice care, ambulance care, and emergency departments to provide urgent unscheduled care. Access routes to unscheduled care varied considerably between countries; 11 countries used telephone triage. Three triage models were identified: 1) Triage to care, 2) Advice and referral, and 3) Advice helplines. Self-advice tools, triage preparation tools, and chatbots were uncommon. We identified three triage models that had different roles related to access to unscheduled care. Telephone triage is used frequently to fit demand to available resources.

ObjectivesIn order to reduce the use of emergency departments, computer-assisted initial assessment was implemented at the medical on-call service 116117. Our study assessed compliance and patient satisfaction.DesignCross-sectional observational postal survey.SettingMedical on-call service 116117 by eight Associations of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians in Germany.ParticipantsThe intervention was observed between January 2020 and March 2021. Minors and patients with invalid contact data were excluded. A random sample of eligible patients received standardised questionnaires by mail.Outcome measuresWe analysed associations of sociodemographic data, health status, previous service use, health literacy, and recommended settings with compliance and patient satisfaction by multivariable, multilevel logistic regression.InterventionsBased on symptoms and context factors, the computer software suggested service levels. Staff and patient discussed if higher levels were indicated, services were available and self-transport was possible. They then agreed on recommendations for treatment settings.ResultsOf 9473 contacted eligible patients, 1756 patients (18.5%) participated. Median age was 66 years (IQR=50–79), and 986 (59.0%) were women. At least one recommended setting was used by 1397 patients (85.4%). General practitioner (GP) practices were used by 143 patients (68.4%). Generally, better compliance was associated with lower depression levels (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.17, p=0.003), fewer previous hospital stays (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.23, p=0.003) and recommendations for any setting other than GP practices (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.29, p<0001, to OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.72, p=0.003). A total of 606 patients (50.7%) were completely satisfied. Patient satisfaction was associated with higher age (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.49, p<0.001), better self-rated health (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.53, p=0.002), not having musculoskeletal disorders (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.94, p=0.021), better health literacy (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.89, p=0.005, and OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.67, p<0.001) and receiving no recommendation for GP practices (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.87, p=0.006).ConclusionsMost patients were compliant and satisfied. Lowest compliance and satisfaction were found in GP practices, but nonetheless, two of three patients with respective recommendations were willing to use this setting.Trial registration numberGerman Clinical Trials Register DRKS00017014.

Background In Germany, the telephone patient service 116,117 for callers with non-life-threatening health issues is available 24/7. Based on structured initial assessment, urgency and placement of suitable medical care offer have been offered since 2020. The service has been in increasing demand for several years: Depending on time and residence, this can result in longer waiting times. Methods Prospective, two-armed cohort study with two intervention groups and one control group, alternating between blinding and unblinding for employees of 116,117 regarding prioritization status. Two interventions based on automated voice dialogues (1: Simple self-rating tool, 2: Automated brief query of emergency symptoms). In case of high level of urgency, callers are prioritized. Validation of urgency and need for care is carried out routinely based on structured initial assessment. Discussion By creating and providing a largely reproducible documentation of the implemented solutions for a waiting queue management, the developed approach would be available for comparable projects in the German health care system or in the European context. This potentially leads to a reduction in the use of resources in the development of comparable technical solutions based on automated voice dialogs. Trial registration DRKS00031235, registered on 10th November 2023, https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00031235 .