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"Hertog, Steffen"
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When Rentier Patronage Breaks Down: The Politics of Citizen Outsiders on Gulf Oil States’ Labour Markets
In oil-rich Gulf monarchies, fiscal constraints and demographic growth are leading to the exclusion of young citizens from the established social contract as government jobs—the dominant channel of patronage in the region—are becoming unavailable to them. We show that such outsider citizens constitute a new, politically consequential social class that is exposed to a much less attractive private labour market where they compete with low-cost migrant workers. The dualization of labour markets for citizens provides a new lens for understanding regional political unrest since the late 2000s and new group interests emerging around labour and migration policy, in which labour organizations representing outsiders have started to display solidarity with migrant workers. The new insider–outsider cleavages require a revision of rentier state theory’s claims about (the absence of) class formation and the role of inequality in rentier politics. They help us expand and refine Eurocentric theories of labour market dualism.
Journal Article
From Rents to Welfare: Why Are Some Oil-Rich States Generous to Their People?
Why do some, but not all oil-rich states provide generous welfare to their populations? Building on a case study of Oman in the 1960s and 1970s, we argue that anti-systemic subversive threats motivate ruling elites in oil states to use welfare as a tool of mass co-optation. We use the generalized synthetic control method and difference-in-difference regressions for a global quantitative test of our argument, assessing the effect of different types of subversion on a range of long-term welfare outcomes in oil-rich and oil-poor states. We demonstrate that the positive effect of subversion appears limited to center-seeking subversive threats in oil-rich countries. The paper addresses a key puzzle in the literature on resource-rich states, which makes contradictory predictions about the impact of resource rents on welfare provision.
Journal Article
المملكة العربية السعودية في الميزان : الاقتصاد السياسي والمجتمع والشؤون الخارجية
هذا الكتاب هو حصيلة أعمال ندوة نظمها في العام 2004 \"المعهد الدولي لدراسة الإسلام في العالم الحديث\". (ISIM) (مقره هولندا) وقد تضمنت أعمال الندوة بحوثا علمية لنخبة من السياسيين والاقتصاديين والأكاديميين العرب والأجانب، كرست دراسة وتحليل السياسة السعودية المعاصرة ضمن ثلاثة محاور : الأيديولوجيا، والاقتصاد، والسياسة ؛ لأهميتها في التعرف على العربية السعودية. ورغم انقضاء ثماني سنوات على انعقاد الندوة المشار إليها فإن هذا الكتاب يطرح مواضيع ومحاور لها أهمية تتجاوز آنية المؤتمر وموعد انعقاده، وهو يعالج قضايا ذات صلة بالمظاهر البنيوية التي لا تزال تمثلاتها ظاهرة للعيان حتى اليوم، رغم ما مرت به المنطقة العربية من تطورات منذ كانون الأول / ديسمبر 2010، وما حصل بعدها من سلسلة الثورات العربية. السؤال الذي يطرح نفسه اليوم هو : هل هذا الكتاب، بما فيه من أطروحات قيمة يستطيع أن يصمد بعد انطلاق الربيع العربي بدرجة تبرر قيام \"مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية\" بترجمته ونشره باللغة العربية، رغم مضي سنوات على صدوره باللغة الإنكليزية (2005) ؟ إن ما يحتويه الكتاب من بحوث يسوغ الترجمة والنشر للأسباب الآتية : (1) أهمية الكتاب من الناحية العلمية والأكاديمية، وتعدد وجهات النظر المطروحة فيه ؛ (2) ما يقدمه من تمثل لواقع يكتسي أهميته في تاريخنا المعاصر، بما يقتضي توثيقه واستحضار مكوناته ؛ (3) رغبة المركز في أن يساهم هذا الكتاب في توسيع دائرة الحوار حول التغيير الذي يشهده الوطن العربي، بما يؤدي إلى تقديم فهم رصين للديناميات المعتملة في المملكة، والتحديات التي تواجهها، وردود الأفعال عليها ؛ (4) التحديث الذي تناول معظم الفصول، في الطبعة العربية، عبر إضافات أساسية، سواء في المتن أو في السياقات الموضوعية، أو من خلال الملاحق والمعلومات المستجدة.
Book
The 'rentier mentality', 30 years on: evidence from survey data
The \"rentier mentality\" has been a key concept in rentier state theory since its development in the 1980s. It predicts that reliance on state patronage breaks the link between effort and reward, leads to low achievement orientation in economic life and makes citizens politically passive. Yet the rentier mentality hypothesis has hardly been empirically tested to date. This paper seeks to fill this gap through an analysis of a range of GCC survey data, including a previously unpublished survey of Saudi citizens' labour attitudes. A key descriptive finding is that many GCC citizens do indeed evince rentier attitudes when it comes to concrete life choices - but at the same time, a disproportionate share of them claim to be generally in favour of hard work, competition, and a small state. When it comes to politics, levels of interest are unusually high, but are coupled with high levels of loyalty and confidence in government. These results mean that while some aspects of rentier mentality are indeed prevalent, other attitudinal predictions of rentier state theory do not hold up - potentially because rentier states have adapted since the 1980s and used a range of social engineering tools to instil pro-business and patriotic beliefs on an abstract, ideational level.
Journal Article
المملكة العربية السعودية في الميزان : الاقتصاد السياسي والمجتمع والشؤون الخارجية
تضمن الكتاب بحوثا علمية لنخبة من السياسيين والاقتصاديين والأكاديميين العرب والأجانب، كرست دراسة وتحليل السياسة السعودية المعاصرة ضمن ثلاثة محاور : الأيديولوجيا، والاقتصاد، والسياسة لأهميتها في التعرف على العربية السعودية، وهو يعالج قضايا ذات صلة بالمظاهر البنيوية التي لا تزال تمثلاتها ظاهرة للعيان حتى اليوم، رغم ما مرت به المنطقة العربية من تطورات منذ كانون الأول / ديسمبر 2010، وما حصل بعدها من سلسلة الثورات العربية.
Book
Defying the Resource Curse: Explaining Successful State-Owned Enterprises in Rentier States
The article explains how several Gulf rentier monarchies have managed to create highly profitable and well-managed state-owned enterprises (SOEs), confounding expectations of both general SOE inefficiency and the particularly poor quality of rentier public sectors. It argues that a combination of two factors explains the outcome: the absence of a populist-mobilizational history and substantive regime autonomy in economic policy-making. The author concludes that it is necessary to rethink the commonly accepted generalizations both about rentier states and, arguably, about public sectors in the developing world.
Journal Article
The Sociology of the Gulf Rentier Systems: Societies of Intermediaries
Theories about the politics and economics of resource-rich or “rentier” states have been around for almost four decades now (Mahdavy 1970; Beblawi 1987; Chaudhry 1997; Humphreys et al. 2007). Political scientists and economists have argued that rents have a negative impact on levels of democracy (Luciani 1987; Ross 2001), on the quality of institutions (Chaudhry 1997; Isham et al. 2005), and on economic growth (Sachs and Warner 2001). Although much debate has been conducted over these macro-correlations, far less attention has been devoted to the causal mechanisms behind them. There is still no unified theory of rentier states, and the micro-foundations of rentier systems in particular have gone largely unexplored.
Journal Article