Explore the vast range of titles available.

One of the most widely used techniques to generate light through an efficient electron transfer is called electrochemiluminescence, or electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). ECL mechanisms can be explored via ‘spooling spectroscopy’ in which individual ECL spectra showing emitted light are collected continuously during a potentiodynamic course. The obtained spectra are spooled together and plotted along the applied potential axis; because the potential sweep occurs at a defined rate, this axis is directly proportional to time. Any changes in the emission spectra can be correlated to the corresponding potentials and/or times, leading to a deeper understanding of the mechanism for light generation—information that can be used for efficiently maximizing ECL intensities. The formation of intermediates and excited states can also be tracked, which is crucial to interrogating and drawing electron transfer pathways (i.e., understanding the chemical reaction mechanism). Spooling spectroscopy is not limited to ECL; we also include instructions for the use of related methodologies, such as spooling photoluminescence spectroscopy during an electrolysis procedure, which can be easily set up. The total time required to complete the protocol is ~49 h, from making electrodes and an ECL cell, fabricating light-tight housing, to setting up instruments. Preparing the lab for an individual experiment (making an electrolyte solution of a targeted luminophore, cooling down the CCD camera, calibrating the spectrometer and surveying electrochemistry) takes ~1 h 15 min, and performing the spooling ECL spectroscopy experiment itself requires ~10 min. In spooling electrochemiluminescence spectroscopy, light emission spectra are continuously recorded during an electrochemical sweep. The formation of luminescent intermediates and products is shown as a function of electrical potential.

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behavior of a multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule has been investigated for the first time by means of ECL‐voltage curves, newly designed ECL‐time observatory, and ECL spectroscopy. The compound, Mes3DiKTa, shows complex ECL behavior, including a delayed onset time of 5 ms for ECL generation in both the annihilation pathway and the coreactant route, which we attribute to organic long‐persistent ECL (OLECL). Triplet‐triplet annihilation, thermally activated delayed fluorescence and uncompensated solution resistance cannot be ruled out as contributing mechanisms to the ECL. A very long ECL emission decay was attributed to OLECL as well. The absolute ECL efficiencies of Mes3DiKTa were enhanced and reached 0.0013% in annihilation route and 1.1% for the coreactant system, which are superior to those of most other organic ECL materials. It is plausible that ECL materials with comparable behavior as Mes3DiKTa are desirable in applications such as ECL sensing, imaging, and light‐emitting devices. Newly designed time‐resolved electrochemiluminescence (ECL) experiments were employed to demonstrate unusual delayed ECL onset and long ECL decay of an multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecule, which arise from the contribution of organic long‐persistent ECL (OLECL). ECL spectroscopy provides evidence of a combination of monomer and aggregates emissions. The TADF and OLECL lead to an emission enhancement with superior ECL efficiency.

Super-resolved fluorescence microscopy techniques have enabled substantial advances in the chemical and biological sciences. However, they can only interrogate entities that fluoresce, and most chemical or biological processes do not involve fluorescent species. Here we report a competition-enabled imaging technique with super-resolution (COMPEITS) that enables quantitative super-resolution imaging of non-fluorescent processes. It is based on the incorporation of competition into a single-molecule fluorescence-detection scheme. We demonstrate COMPEITS by investigating a photoelectrocatalytic reaction; we map, with nanometre precision, a non-fluorescent surface reaction that is important for water decontamination on single photocatalyst particles. The subparticle-level quantitative information of reactant adsorption affinities unambiguously decouples size- and shape-scaling laws on specific particle facets and uncovers a surprising biphasic shape dependence, leading to catalyst design principles for optimal reactant adsorption efficacy. With its ability to provide spatially resolved information on the behaviours of unlabelled, non-fluorescent entities under operando conditions, COMPEITS could interrogate a variety of surface processes in fields ranging from heterogeneous catalysis and materials engineering to nanotechnology and energy sciences. Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques can interrogate entities that fluoresce; however, most chemical or biological processes do not involve fluorescent species. Now, the incorporation of a competitive reaction into a single-molecule fluorescence detection scheme has been shown to enable quantitative super-resolution imaging of non-fluorescent reactions.

This paper addresses the design of an observer-based controller and synthesis issue for wireless networked control systems (WNCSs), considering DOS attacks and time delays for two observer positions: observer at the system side and observer at the controller side. The open nature of the communication network renders WNCSs more vulnerable to denial of service jamming (DoSJ) attacks than their wired counterparts. These attacks can lead to performance degradation and instability of the system. Additionally, packet losses resulting from attacks are assumed to introduce time delays. To mitigate the threat of attacks and reduce their impact on the desired system performance, as well as considering other uncertainties such as environmental noise, sufficient conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities are derived for the existence of an observer-based controller for both observer positions. These conditions ensure that the closed-loop system of the stochastic nonlinear WNCS is exponential mean- square stable with the Lyapunov stability method. Finally, two practical examples based on an Internet-based test rig and a Chuafs oscillator circuit system represented to evaluate the effectiveness of designed techniques and compare performance for both observer position scenarios.

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behavior of a multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule has been investigated for the first time by means of ECL‐voltage curves, newly designed ECL‐time observatory, and ECL spectroscopy. The compound, Mes3DiKTa, shows complex ECL behavior, including a delayed onset time of 5 ms for ECL generation in both the annihilation pathway and the coreactant route, which we attribute to organic long‐persistent ECL (OLECL). Triplet‐triplet annihilation, thermally activated delayed fluorescence and uncompensated solution resistance cannot be ruled out as contributing mechanisms to the ECL. A very long ECL emission decay was attributed to OLECL as well. The absolute ECL efficiencies of Mes3DiKTa were enhanced and reached 0.0013% in annihilation route and 1.1% for the coreactant system, which are superior to those of most other organic ECL materials. It is plausible that ECL materials with comparable behavior as Mes3DiKTa are desirable in applications such as ECL sensing, imaging, and light‐emitting devices.

A series of monodispersed AuNCs (size < 2 nm) including Au144(SR)60, Au38(SR)24 and Au25(SR)18z (z =1-, 0 and 1+, SR=2-phenylethanethiol) were prepared. All these nanoclusters showed molecule-like optical and electrochemical properties. These two features are essential for an electrogenerated chemiluminescence or electrochemiluminescence (ECL) study. The Au144(SR)60 showed a small HOMO-LUMO gap determined by electrochemistry. No ECL light was seen in the annihilation process, while NIR ECL was observed with tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) (Chapter 2). ECL was highly efficient in the Au38(SR)24/TPrA co-reactant system. This nanocluster also showed ECL emission with benzoyl peroxide (BPO), while no ECL was detected in the annihilation route (Chapter 3). The ECL of Au25(SR)18z (z =1-, 0 and 1+) were discovered to emit NIR ECL light in the presence of either TPrA or BPO co-reactant. The Au25(SR)18+ / TPrA system revealed the strongest ECL emission among the three Au25 oxidation states (Chapter 4). The thermodynamic (Latimer-type diagram) and the kinetic origins of Au25(SR)18 0 ECL were explored in the presence of TPrA (Chapter 5). And lastly, the NIR ECL of Au25(SR)18− nanoclusters was mechanistically investigated in the presence of both TPrA and BPO with NIR emissions in both systems (Chapter 6).In each case multiple ECL emissions were observed. The ECL peak wavelength and ECL intensity can be tuned by means of both the co-reactant concentration and applied electrode potential. It is worth noting that the Au38(SR)24 showed the strongest ECL efficiency among all the clusters studied, and the Au25(SR)18z clusters possessed a rich photoelectrochemistry leading to highly efficient ECL.

Treatment-resistant dermatophytosis caused by the members of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes / Trichophyton interdigitale species group (TMTISG) is increasing worldwide. We aimed to determine the prevalence of TMTISG in patients with dermatophytosis in two centers from north of Iran and detect the possible mutations in the squalene epoxidase ( SQLE ) gene in relevant terbinafine (TRB) resistant pathogenic isolates. From November 2021 to December 2022, 1960 patients suspected to dermatophytosis and referred to two mycology referral laboratories in the north of Iran were included in the study. Identification of all dermatophyte isolates was confirmed by RFLP of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Antifungal susceptibility testing against five common antifungals using the CLSI-M38-A3 protocol was performed. The TMTISG isolates resistant to TRB, were further analyzed to determine the possible mutations in the SQLE gene. Totally, 647 cases (33%) were positive for dermatophytosis of which 280 cases (43.3%) were identified as members of TMTISG. These were more frequently isolated from tinea corporis 131 (44.56%) and tinea cruris 116 (39.46%). Of 280 TMTISG isolates, 40 (14.3%) were resistant to TRB (MIC ≥ 4 µg/mL), all found to be T. indotineae in ITS sequencing. In SQLE sequencing 34 (85%) of TRB-resistant isolates had coincident mutations of Phe 397 Leu and Ala 448 Thr whereas four and two isolates had single mutations of Phe 397 Leu and Leu 393 Ser, respectively. Overall, the resistance of Iranian TMTISG isolates to TRB greatly occurred by a mutation of Phe 397 Leu in the SQLE gene as alone or in combination with Ala 448 Thr. Nevertheless, for the occurrence of in vitro resistance, only the presence of Phe 397 Leu mutation seems to be decisive. Graphical Abstract

Biallelic mutations in the ITK gene cause a T-cell primary immunodeficiency with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–lymphoproliferative disorders. We describe a novel association of a homozygous ITK mutation with β–human papillomavirus (HPV)–positive epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Thus, loss of function in ITK can result in broad dysregulation of T-cell responses to oncogenic viruses, including β-HPV and EBV.

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare, severe autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of autoantibodies that cause blistering of the skin and mucous membranes, often presenting with oral lesions in 50%-70% of cases. It has a global incidence of 0.5-3.2 per 100,000 people, with variations across regions, and in Iran, the rate is about 1 per 100,000 annually. PV affects both sexes equally and typically manifests in the sixth decade of life, though the age of onset varies internationally, tending to be younger in India and Western countries. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 63 patients diagnosed with PV via telephone interviews. This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Among 63 PV patients, 56% were female, and 44% were male, with an average age of 50.17 years and a mean age of onset of 44.91 years (SD = 14.77). Most patients (70%) initially presented with mucosal symptoms, and the average time to diagnosis was approximately 17 months. Common misdiagnoses included aphthous ulcers, lichen planus, and allergic reactions. After diagnosis, most patients (82%) received multiple medications. The most frequently used medications were prednisolone (50 patients, 84.75%), methylprednisolone (10 patients, 16.9%), and rituximab (34 patients, 57.63%). PV in this cohort most often began with mucosal symptoms and was frequently preceded by consultations with non-dermatology clinicians, contributing to diagnostic delays. Such delays may negatively affect.