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As a country with high risk of disasters, the people of Indonesia have to prepare and anticipate these calamities. One of the most important aspects of disaster risk reduction at the local level is social capital. This paper discusses the role of social capital in strengthening community disaster preparedness for effective respond and its potential for building back after recovery, focusing on local wisdom, prior experiences and re-establishment of community livelihoods. Local wisdom plays an important role in raising community efforts to find relief and recover from the impact of the earthquake in Bantul and floods in Jambi. The spirit of community-self, mutual help and fundraising help the Javanese in Bantul to be strong and care among neighbors. The community that supported by the local leaders and institutions agreed to set up priority for affected people who need more help. Meanwhile, experiences of the people in Jambi on regular floods made them aware and assisted them to develop self-efficacy beliefs in disaster preparedness, including making plans as well as increasing skill to get ready for and respond to this disaster. This paper also shows that in addition to economic recovery programs from the government and donor in Bantul and Aceh, the community in Jambi used floods as a source of their alternative livelihood through fishing and its related activities, and perceived floods as economic opportunities. This paper utilises empirical evidence from cases across Indonesia that are collected from my research results under LIPI and Human Ecology research activities. Data is also collected from secondary sources that largely rely on desk reviews of relevant books, documents, papers, and other references.

Most scientific assessments for climate change adaptation and risk reduction are based on scenarios for climatic change. Scenarios for socio-economic development, particularly in terms of vulnerability and adaptive capacity, are largely lacking. This paper focuses on the utility of socio-economic scenarios for vulnerability, risk and adaptation research. The paper introduces the goals and functions of scenarios in general and reflects on the current global debate around shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs). It examines the options and constraints of scenario methods for risk and vulnerability assessments in the context of climate change and natural hazards. Two case studies are used to contrast the opportunities and current constraints in scenario methods at different scales: the global WorldRiskIndex, based on quantitative data and indicators; and a local participatory scenario development process in Jakarta, showing a qualitative approach. The juxtaposition of a quantitative approach with global data and a qualitative-participatory local approach provides new insights on how different methods and scenario techniques can be applied in vulnerability and risk research.

Problem-solving skills are advantageous when resolving complicated and multidimensional challenges. Problem-solving skills can be developed through active learning models that engage students in the learning process. One active learning model is RICOSRE. The main focus of RICOSRE is problem-solving activities in (1) reading; (2) identifying the problem; (3) constructing the solution; (4) solving the problem; (5) reviewing the solution; and (6) extending the solution. The purpose of this study was to assess the ongoing development of problem-solving skills of students with upper, middle, and lower academic abilities at the Department of Biology Education in a state university in Indonesia. This study employed a concurrent embedded mixed-methods design. The repeated-measures ANOVA was used to test the hypothesis for the quantitative data, and NVivo 12 was utilized to analyze the qualitative data. The participants’ problem-solving skills were determined by their responses to items on RICOSRE-integrated worksheets. The students’ responses were graded using a validated and reliable problem-solving rubric. The findings indicated that the students’ problem-solving skills improved consistently in the upper, middle, and lower academic groups that were taught by implementing RICOSRE.

The Drosophila Climbing Assay (DCA) is often used when Drosophila is positioned as a model organism to study the effects of disease or environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the consistency of the relationship between the two variables of climbing ability in fly imago, both under normal conditions and under stress conditions. The predictor variable of this study was the duration of climbing, while the criterion variable was climbing success. A total of 72 experimental units were prepared and divided into 3 conditions, i.e., 24 fly bottles cultured on normal medium, 24 fly bottles cultured for one generation on leadcontaining medium, and 24 others cultured for two generations on leadcontaining medium. The results of the Spearman's Rho correlation test indicated that the duration of climbing duration was always significantly negatively correlated with climbing success in all three conditions: natural conditions (rs=-0.438, p=0.032), stress over a generation (rs=-0.864, p<0.001), as well as stress for two generations (rs=-0.436, p=0.033). Furthermore, the results of the parallelism test report that the three lines were not parallel (p<0.05). The slope of the regression line on the normal condition data was clearly different from the stress condition data for two generations. Through the scatter plot, the two regression lines intersect. Both variables are consistently proven to have a significant relationship and can show different levels of influence when implemented under certain stress conditions.

Recombination frequency through testcross involving Drosophila melanogaster can be used as relevant data in assessing the effect of certain substances on organisms. This study aimed to analyze the effect of lead-contaminated culture media on the percentage of recombination events. D. melanogaster was selected as the model organism while crossing over was selected as the observed recombination event. Lead levels in each treatment were 0, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 grams. Crossing over data was collected by calculating the frequency of recombinant-type strains from testcross results involving wildtype strains and vestigial black double mutants. Successively, the recombinant frequencies in the 0-, 0.05-, 0.075-, and 0.1-gram lead groups were 32.40, 14.65, 0, and 0%. The results of the hypothesis test indicated that lead contamination had a significant effect on reducing the recombination frequency. Therefore, lead may negatively impact the molecular aspects that control recombination events. Because recombination is regulated by genes and involves various proteins, a decrease in recombination frequency indicates that lead has a negative impact on genes or proteins during gametogenesis.

Biology education has become very important in the digital era because technology allows for a deeper exploration of life processes. The Protist course is part of biology content that has not yet empowered students’ scientific thinking using digital-based learning strategies. The Protists course explores the intricate connection between protists and human life. The objective of this study is the RICOSRE learning model (reading, identifying the problem, constructing the solution, solving the problem, reviewing the problem solving, and extending the problem solution) with flipped classroom (RICOSRE-FC) could enhance students’ scientific thinking skills in the digital era. The current quasi-experimental research utilized a pre-test-post-test non-equivalent control group design. The research participants were F141 students enrolled in the Protists course run by a public institution in Indonesia. The study results show that RICOSRE-FC can help students develop scientific thinking skills. RICOSRE-FC effectively enhanced students’ scientific thinking by prioritizing the classroom problem-solving process. RICOSRE-FC is recommended to be applied to a wide range of learning courses.