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Abstract In the course of an infection, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines cause diseased individuals to develop a set of adaptive behavioral changes, collectively termed as sickness behavior. The administration of the endotoxin LPS, the main component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, leads to activation of the immune system, inducing inflammatory process in experimental models. A new carboxymidamide (DCHA), which has potential anti-inflammatory activity, may be a promising candidate in the development of a new drug for inflammatory diseases and control of sickness behavior. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a novel carboxymidamide on lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior in mice. The animals were submitted to open field tests and forced swimming two hours after treatment with LPS (100 µg/kg). In addition, the mRNA expression of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) from the blood, liver and kidney of these animals was also evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. The administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 µg/kg, i.p.) induced behavioral changes in the mice, such as decreased locomotor and exploratory activity in the open field test and an increase in the time the animal remained floating in the forced swimming, as well as increased mRNA expression of iNOS and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. Pretreatment with the new carboxymidamide attenuated the behavioral changes induced by LPS, and significantly reduced the expression of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice. Thus, our experimental results demonstrated that DCHA attenuated the sickness behavior induced by LPS. These results suggest that the observed pharmacological effect is due to the in vivo anti-inflammatory action via reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Resumo No curso de uma infecção, o aumento de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, faz com que os indivíduos doentes desenvolvam um conjunto de mudanças comportamentais adaptativas, coletivamente denominadas de comportamento doentio. A administração de endotoxina LPS, principal componente da membrana externa de bactérias gram-negativas, leva à ativação do sistema imune, induzindo processo inflamatório em modelos experimentais. Uma nova carboximidamida (DCHA) que apresenta potencial de atividade antiinflamatória, pode ser uma candidata promissora no desenvolvimento de novo fármaco para doenças de perfil inflamatório e controle do comportamento doentio. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos de uma nova carboximidamida no comportamento doentio induzido por lipopolissacarídeo em camundongos. Os animais foram submetidos aos testes de campo aberto e nado forçado, duas horas após o tratamento com LPS (100 µg/kg). Além disso, avaliou-se também a expressão do RNAm de iNOS e citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL-1β, TNF-α e IL-6) do sangue, fígado e rim desses animais, por meio do teste de PCR quantitativo em tempo real. A administração de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS, 100 µg/kg, i.p.) induziu alterações comportamentais em camundongos, observadas através da diminuição da atividade locomotora e exploratória no campo aberto e do aumento no tempo que o animal permaneceu boiando no nado forçado, assim como aumentou a expressão de RNAm de iNOS e das citocinas pró-inflamatórias IL-1β, TNF-α e IL-6. O pré-tratamento com a nova carboximidamida atenuou as alterações comportamentais induzidas pelo LPS, bem como reduziu significativamente a expressão de iNOS e das citocinas pró-inflamatórias nos camundongos. Assim, nossos resultados experimentais demonstraram que a DCHA atenuou o comportamento doentio induzido por LPS. Esses resultados sugerem que o efeito farmacológico observado é devido à ação antiinflamatória in vivo por redução de citocinas pró-inflamatórias.

Ethnopharmacologic research has revealed that ethnicity significantly affects drug response. Genetic or cultural factors, or both, may influence a given drug's pharmacokinetics (its absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination) and pharmacodynamics (its mechanism of action and effects at the target site), as well as patient adherence and education. In addition, the tremendous variation within each of the broader racial and ethnic categories defined by the U.S. Census Bureau (categories often used by researchers) must be considered. Nurses need to become knowledgeable about drugs that are likely to elicit varied responses in people with different ethnic backgrounds, as well as the potential for adverse effects. The existing ethnopharmacologic research focuses primarily on psychotropic and anti-hypertensive agents, as does this article. Cultural assessment of every patient is vital; thus Leininger's Sunrise Model and Giger and Davidhizar's Transcultural Assessment Models are briefly described as well.

We report a measurement of the charged-current coherent pion production cross section on argon using the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber exposed to the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermilab. The measurement uses the MicroBooNE data set corresponding to \\(1.26 10^21\\) protons on target with a mean neutrino energy of \\(0.8\\)~GeV. The flux-averaged cross section is measured to be \\((9.1 1.2_stat 1.2_syst) 10^-40\\,cm^2/Ar\\). This result represents the first measurement of charged-current coherent pion production on argon at sub-GeV neutrino energies. Due to its clean two-body kinematics, where the neutrino interacts coherently with the entire nucleus producing a forward muon and pion with no nuclear breakup, this process provides a useful tool for constraining neutrino flux uncertainties in current and future oscillation experiments such as DUNE.

A detailed understanding of the capabilities and fidelity of low-energy reconstruction is crucial for taking advantage of MeV-scale neutrino physics opportunities in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). This study presents a measurement of the resolution of reconstructed energy in the MicroBooNE LArTPC at \\( 1.5\\) MeV. The characterization is performed using monoenergetic signals generated by \\(2.614\\) MeV \\(\\)-rays from \\(^208\\)Tl decays undergoing pair production in the detector. The resolution is found to be (\\(7.52 0.78 (stat) 0.92 (syst)\\))%. This value is consistent with the MicroBooNE simulation prediction of (\\(9.70 0.65 (stat)\\))% at the \\(1.6 \\) level. This study represents the first ever measurement of LArTPC energy resolution at the MeV scale and provides a pathway for monoenergetic energy calibrations in future experiments using LArTPC detectors.

We present an improved technique for estimating a muon's energy by measuring the deflections along its path inside the MicroBooNE detector from multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS). This approach implements several innovations that better capture detector non-idealizations compared to previous MCS-based muon energy estimators. As a result, it achieves improved resolution, reduced bias, and better data-model agreement. Using model simulation, for fully contained events the estimated bias is within 1% and the estimated resolution varies from 4.3% to 10% as muon energy increases from 0.1 GeV to 2 GeV. For events with particles exiting the detector volume, at least a meter of reconstructed muon track, and a muon energy below 2 GeV, the estimated bias is less than 2% and the estimated resolution varies from 7% to 17% over muon energy. These demonstrate significant improvements over the performance of previous work using an MCS-based energy estimator at MicroBooNE, which achieves twice as large a resolution as well as a bias of 20% over the same energy region. Data-model goodness-of-fit studies are used to validate the estimator's performance on data, showing good agreement within model uncertainties.

We present flux-averaged charged-current \\(_\\) cross-section measurements on argon for final states containing exactly one \\(^\\) and no other hadrons except nucleons. The analysis uses data from the MicroBooNE experiment in the Booster Neutrino Beam, corresponding to \\(1.11 10^21\\) protons on target. Total and single-differential cross-section measurements are provided within a phase space restricted to muon momenta above 150 MeV, pion momenta above 100 MeV, and muon-pion opening angles smaller than 2.65 rad. Differential cross sections are reported with respect to the scattering angles of the muon and pion relative to the beam direction, their momenta, and their combined opening angle. The differential cross section with respect to muon momentum is based on a subset of selected events with the muon track fully contained in the detector, whereas the cross section with respect to pion momentum is based on a subset of selected events rich in pions that have not hadronically scattered on the argon before coming to rest. The latter has not been measured on argon before. The total cross section is measured as \\((3.75~~0.07~(stat.)~~0.80~(syst.)) 10^-38 \\, cm^2/Ar\\) at a mean energy of approximately 0.8 GeV. Comparisons of the measured cross sections with predictions from multiple neutrino-nucleus interaction generators show good overall agreement, except at very forward muon angles.

This work presents single-differential electron-neutrino charged-current cross sections on argon measured using the MicroBooNE detector at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The analysis uses data recorded when the Neutrinos at the Main Injector beam was operating in both neutrino and antineutrino modes, with exposures of \\(2 10^20\\) and \\(5 10^20\\) protons on target, respectively. A selection algorithm targeting electron-neutrino charged-current interactions with at least one proton, one electron, and no pions in the final topology is used to measure differential cross sections as a function of outgoing electron energy, total visible energy, and opening angle between the electron and the most energetic proton. The interaction rate as a function of proton multiplicity is also reported. The total cross section is measured as [4.1 \\(\\) 0.4 (stat.) \\(\\) 1.2 (syst.)] $ $ $\\times 10^{-39} \\mathrm{cm}^{2}/ \\mathrm{nucleon}$ . The unfolded cross-section measurements are compared to predictions from neutrino event generators commonly employed in the field. Good agreement is seen across all variables within uncertainties.

We report results from an updated search for neutral current (NC) resonant \\(\\)(1232) baryon production and subsequent \\(\\) radiative decay (NC \\( N \\)). We consider events with and without final state protons; events with a proton can be compared with the kinematics of a \\((1232)\\) baryon decay, while events without a visible proton represent a more generic phase space. In order to maximize sensitivity to each topology, we simultaneously make use of two different reconstruction paradigms, Pandora and Wire-Cell, which have complementary strengths, and select mostly orthogonal sets of events. Considering an overall scaling of the NC \\( N \\) rate as an explanation of the MiniBooNE anomaly, our data exclude this hypothesis at 94.4% CL. When we decouple the expected correlations between NC \\( N \\) events with and without final state protons, and allow independent scaling of both types of events, our data exclude explanations in which excess events have associated protons, and do not exclude explanations in which excess events have no associated protons.

The MicroBooNE experiment is an 85 tonne active mass liquid argon time projection chamber neutrino detector exposed to the on-axis Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab. One of MicroBooNE's physics goals is the precise measurement of neutrino interactions on argon in the 1 GeV energy regime. Building on the capabilities of the MicroBooNE detector, this analysis identifies \\(K^+\\) mesons, a key signature for the study of strange particle production in neutrino interactions. This measurement is furthermore valuable for background estimation for future nucleon decay searches and for improved reconstruction and particle identification capabilities in experiments such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In this letter, we present the first-ever measurement of a flux-integrated cross section for charged-current muon neutrino induced \\(K^+\\) production on argon nuclei, determined to be 7.93 \\(\\) 3.22 (stat.) \\(\\) 2.83 (syst.) \\(~10^-42\\;\\) cm\\(^2\\)/nucleon based on an analysis of 6.88\\(10^20\\) protons on target. This result was found to be consistent with model predictions from different neutrino event generators within the reported uncertainties.