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Wrapping authority : women Islamic leaders in a Sufi movement in Dakar, Senegal
\"Since around 2000, a growing number of women in Dakar, Senegal have come to act openly as spiritual leaders for both men and women. As urban youth turn to the Fayٍda Tijهaniyya Sufi Islamic movement in search of direction and community, these women provide guidance in practicing Islam and cultivating mystical knowledge of God. While women Islamic leaders may appear radical in a context where women have rarely exercised Islamic authority, they have provoked surprisingly little controversy. Wrapping Authority tells these women's stories and explores how they have developed ways of leading that feel natural to themselves and those around them. Addressing the dominant perceptions of Islam as a conservative practise, with stringent regulations for women in particular, Joseph Hill reveals how women integrate values typically associated with pious Muslim women into their leadership. These female leaders present spiritual guidance as a form of nurturing motherhood; they turn acts of devotional cooking into a basis of religious authority and prestige; they connect shyness, concealing clothing, and other forms of feminine \"self-wrapping\" to exemplary piety, hidden knowledge, and charismatic mystique. Yet like Sufi mystical discourse, their self-presentations are profoundly ambiguous, insisting simultaneously on gender distinctions and on the transcendence of gender through mystical unity with God.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Technologies of Self-Wrapping: Female Chanters in the Fayḍa Tijāniyya Sufi Community in Senegal
The prevalent conception in many Muslim communities globally that women’s visibility must be minimized or attenuated in the presence of unrelated men profoundly shapes Muslim women’s relationship to visibility. Many Muslim women participate in and influence their communities through forms of “wrapping”—a semiotic act that covers and protects yet also identifies and displays. The concept of “wrapping” encompasses “veiling” yet moves beyond clichés of invisible and silenced Muslim women. In the Fayḍa Tijāniyya Sufi community in Senegal, female Sufi chanters were until recently practically unknown, largely due to the perception that a woman’s voice—like her body and social presence—is ʿawra, or something to be cloaked and protected. Since around 2009, however, female chanters have proliferated, some becoming online superstars and acting as formally appointed spiritual guides (muqaddamas). These women largely embrace the notion of a woman’s voice and body as ʿawra, yet they adopt various social and material technologies as “wrappers” that mediate their chanting before large audiences. Female chanters exemplify the dialectic in the Sufi tradition—between the flexibility associated with transcendent reality (ḥaqīqa) and the limits associated with divine law (sharīʿa)—which facilitates yet constrains adaptation to changing historical conditions.
Journal Article
Captain Aquatica's awesome ocean : amazing animals, wild waves, super sharks, the deep sea
\"Scientist Jessica Cramp illuminates her work studying sharks and protecting our ... ocean with ... scientific info and comic-book flair ... Colorful side stories in graphic novel-style feature Cramp as character Captain Aquatica, with her sidekick shark Fin\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Arabidopsis Cellulose Synthase Complex: A Proposed Hexamer of CESA Trimers in an Equimolar Stoichiometry
Cellulose is the most abundant renewable polymer on Earth and a major component of the plant cell wall. In vascular plants, cellulose synthesis is catalyzed by a large, plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complex (CSC), visualized as a hexameric rosette structure. Three unique cellulose synthase (CESA) isoforms are required for CSC assembly and function. However, elucidation of either the number or stoichiometry of CESAs within the CSC has remained elusive. In this study, we show a 1:1:1 stoichiometry between the three Arabidopsis thaliana secondary cell wall isozymes: CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8. This ratio was determined utilizing a simple but elegant method of quantitative immunoblotting using isoform-specific antibodies and 35 S-labeled protein standards for each CESA. Additionally, the observed equimolar stoichiometry was found to be fixed along the axis of the stem, which represents a developmental gradient. Our results complement recent spectroscopic analyses pointing toward an 18-chain cellulose microfibril. Taken together, we propose that the CSC is composed of a hexamer of catalytically active CESA trimers, with each CESA in equimolar amounts. This finding is a crucial advance in understanding how CESAs integrate to form higher order complexes, which is a key determinate of cellulose microfibril and cell wall properties.
Journal Article
أسرار ستغير حياتك للقراء من جميع الأعمار الذين يرغبون تحقيق الثراء والنجاح والسعادة في حياتهم
هذا الكتاب هو أكثر من مجرد خطة لنجاحك الشخصي إنه وصف للطريقة التي يعمل بها العالم وعرض المبادئ الأساسية لثلاثة من أفضل المؤلفين على الإطلاق فكتاب واحد يضم أفكار هؤلاء الأفذاذ هو أفضل وسيلة نعرفها لتسليط الضوء على الصورة الكبيرة التي فقدت على مر السنين فلا يوجد خبير لديه جميع الأجوبة الحقيقية التي تسعى إليها وهذه الأجوبة ليست \"موجودة\" في مكان ما؛ إنها بالفعل في داخلك، فالمبادئ غير المرئية التي تحكم تحويل رغبتنا إلى واقع هي تحت سيطرتنا.
Book
Fibrosis — A Common Pathway to Organ Injury and Failure
Fibrosis is a consequence of the inflammatory response. When fibrotic tissue becomes excessive, it can have diverse pathophysiological effects on a number of organ systems. The mechanisms underlying fibrosis and approaches to therapy are reviewed.
Disease-related injury in any organ triggers a complex cascade of cellular and molecular responses that culminates in tissue fibrosis. Although this fibrogenic response may have adaptive features in the short term, when it progresses over a prolonged period of time, parenchymal scarring and ultimately cellular dysfunction and organ failure ensue (Figure 1).
We and others have proposed four major phases of the fibrogenic response (Figure 2). First is initiation of the response, driven by primary injury to the organ. The second phase is the activation of effector cells, and the third phase is the elaboration of extracellular matrix, both of . . .
Journal Article
Cellulose synthase complexes display distinct dynamic behaviors during xylem transdifferentiation
In plants, plasma membrane-embedded CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) enzyme complexes deposit cellulose polymers into the developing cell wall. Cellulose synthesis requires two different sets of CESA complexes that are active during cell expansion and secondary cell wall thickening, respectively. Hence, developing xylem cells, which first undergo cell expansion and subsequently deposit thick secondary walls, need to completely reorganize their CESA complexes from primary wall- to secondary wall-specific CESAs. Using live-cell imaging, we analyzed the principles underlying this remodeling. At the onset of secondary wall synthesis, the primary wall CESAs ceased to be delivered to the plasma membrane and were gradually removed from both the plasma membrane and the Golgi. For a brief transition period, both primary wall- and secondary wall-specific CESAs coexisted in banded domains of the plasma membrane where secondary wall synthesis is concentrated. During this transition, primary and secondary wall CESAs displayed discrete dynamic behaviors and sensitivities to the inhibitor isoxaben. As secondary wall-specific CESAs were delivered and inserted into the plasma membrane, the primary wall CESAs became concentrated in prevacuolar compartments and lytic vacuoles. This adjustment in localization between the two CESAs was accompanied by concurrent decreased primary wall CESA and increased secondary wall CESA protein abundance. Our data reveal distinct and dynamic subcellular trafficking patterns that underpin the remodeling of the cellulose biosynthetic machinery, resulting in the removal and degradation of the primary wall CESA complex with concurrent production and recycling of the secondary wall CESAs.
Journal Article
Autophagy in cardiovascular biology
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. As such, there is great interest in identifying novel mechanisms that govern the cardiovascular response to disease-related stress. First described in failing hearts, autophagy within the cardiovascular system has been widely characterized in cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. In all cases, a window of optimal autophagic activity appears to be critical to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis and function; excessive or insufficient levels of autophagic flux can each contribute to heart disease pathogenesis. In this Review, we discuss the potential for targeting autophagy therapeutically and our vision for where this exciting biology may lead in the future.
Journal Article
Xbp1s-FoxO1 axis governs lipid accumulation and contractile performance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is now the dominant form of heart failure and one for which no efficacious therapies exist. Obesity and lipid mishandling greatly contribute to HFpEF. However, molecular mechanism(s) governing metabolic alterations and perturbations in lipid homeostasis in HFpEF are largely unknown. Here, we report that cardiomyocyte steatosis in HFpEF is coupled with increases in the activity of the transcription factor FoxO1 (Forkhead box protein O1). FoxO1 depletion, as well as over-expression of the Xbp1s (spliced form of the X-box-binding protein 1) arm of the UPR (unfolded protein response) in cardiomyocytes each ameliorates the HFpEF phenotype in mice and reduces myocardial lipid accumulation. Mechanistically, forced expression of Xbp1s in cardiomyocytes triggers ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of FoxO1 which occurs, in large part, through activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase STUB1 (STIP1 homology and U-box-containing protein 1) a novel and direct transcriptional target of Xbp1s. Our findings uncover the Xbp1s-FoxO1 axis as a pivotal mechanism in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic HFpEF and unveil previously unrecognized mechanisms whereby the UPR governs metabolic alterations in cardiomyocytes.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a global, major health issue for which no effective therapies are available. Here, the authors discover that the interplay between two transcription factors, Xbp1s and FoxO1, is critical for metabolic adaptation and lipid handling in HFpEF-stressed cardiomyocytes.
Journal Article