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Zusammenfassung Das duale Ausbildungssystem in Deutschland gilt im internationalen Vergleich als vorbildlich. Gleichwohl gelingt vielen Jugendlichen kein reibungsloser Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt. Etliche Unternehmen konstatieren einen Rückgang der Ausbildungsreife und Berufsorientierung junger Menschen; gleichzeitig geht deren Interesse an einer Ausbildung zurück. Holger Bonin, Bernd Fitzenberger und Annette Hillerich vermitteln einen Überblick über die sich sehr dynamisch entwickelnde Literatur in der ökonomischen Berufsbildungsforschung, deren Vertreter sich in neueren Arbeiten sehr stark mit dem Entscheidungsverhalten von jungen Menschen befassen. Ein besonderes Interesse gilt Maßnahmen der Berufsorientierung, wozu die Autoren ausgewählte Ergebnisse einer Fallstudie aus der Region Freiburg vorstellen. Angesichts der noch bestehenden Erkenntnislücken beschreiben sie den Bedarf an aussagekräftigen Längsschnittdaten und skizzieren ein Konzept für ein regional geclustertes Übergangspanel.

This paper analyzes the effect of alternative transition paths after grade 9 of German lower secondary school on vocational training. Using a selection-on-observables approach I show that a delayed transition into vocational training after lower track secondary school is not a disadvantage conditional on a successful transition into vocational training. Students benefit from continuing general schooling or attending vocational school compared to transitioning directly with regard to wages paid during vocational training as well as average wages, prestige, and socioeconomic status of the training occupation. This comes at the cost of a lower probability to match the training occupation with the reported desired occupation and being less satisfied with the vocational training. Participation in pre-vocational training does not lead to a different type of vocational training position than after a direct transition. However, those participants are less satisfied with their vocational training.

Career guidance assists students with the school-to-work transition. Based on a survey in secondary schools in Germany, we analyze career guidance activities and how these affect career plans. The take-up of career guidance depends upon the school track attended and upon the school and class room context, while personal characteristics are hardly relevant. The effects of counseling depend upon the counselor. Counseling by the employment agency reduces plans for educational upgrading and increases the probability of applying for an apprenticeship, while the effects of school counselors work in the opposite direction for lower track students.

Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales, Bonn 2021 (60 Seiten)

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) and allergic asthma (AA) are chronic respiratory diseases that represent a global health problem. One aim of this study was to analyze the Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of the patients in order to identify statistically significant influencing factors that determine HRQoL. Another aim was to assess and analyze data on cost-of-illness from a statutory health insurance perspective.Methods The EQ-5D-5L was used to evaluate the patients’ HRQoL. To identify the factors influencing the HRQoL, a multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted using groups based on the EQ-5D-5L index value as dependent variable. Routine data were analyzed to determine total healthcare costs.Results The average EQ-5D-5L index was 0.85 (SD 0.20). A high age, the amount of disease costs, low internal health-related control beliefs and high ozone exposure in the residential area were found to be statistically significant influencing factors for a low HRQoL, whereas low age, male sex and a good possibility to avoid the allergens were found to be statistically significant factors influencing a high HRQoL. On average, the study participants incurred annual costs of €3072 (SD: 3485), of which €699 (SD: 743) could be assigned to allergic respiratory diseases.Conclusions Overall, the patients in the VerSITA study showed a high level of HRQoL. The identified influencing factors can be used as starting points for improving the HRQoL of patients with allergic respiratory diseases. From the perspective of a statutory health insurance, per person expenditures for allergic respiratory diseases are rather low.