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Introduction Individual case reports are the main asset in pharmacovigilance signal management. Signal validation is the first stage after signal detection and aims to determine if there is sufficient evidence to justify further assessment. Throughout signal management, a prioritization of signals is continually made. Routinely collected health data can provide relevant contextual information but are primarily used at a later stage in pharmacoepidemiological studies to assess communicated signals. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility and utility of analysing routine health data from a multinational distributed network to support signal validation and prioritization and to reflect on key user requirements for these analyses to become an integral part of this process. Methods Statistical signal detection was performed in VigiBase, the WHO global database of individual case safety reports, targeting generic manufacturer drugs and 16 prespecified adverse events. During a 5-day study-a-thon, signal validation and prioritization were performed using information from VigiBase, regulatory documents and the scientific literature alongside descriptive analyses of routine health data from 10 partners of the European Health Data and Evidence Network (EHDEN). Databases included in the study were from the UK, Spain, Norway, the Netherlands and Serbia, capturing records from primary care and/or hospitals. Results Ninety-five statistical signals were subjected to signal validation, of which eight were considered for descriptive analyses in the routine health data. Design, execution and interpretation of results from these analyses took up to a few hours for each signal (of which 15–60 minutes were for execution) and informed decisions for five out of eight signals. The impact of insights from the routine health data varied and included possible alternative explanations, potential public health and clinical impact and feasibility of follow-up pharmacoepidemiological studies. Three signals were selected for signal assessment, two of these decisions were supported by insights from the routine health data. Standardization of analytical code, availability of adverse event phenotypes including bridges between different source vocabularies, and governance around the access and use of routine health data were identified as important aspects for future development. Conclusions Analyses of routine health data from a distributed network to support signal validation and prioritization are feasible in the given time limits and can inform decision making. The cost–benefit of integrating these analyses at this stage of signal management requires further research.

This paper discusses and examines initial trust formation and cross-cultural challenges when building collaboration towards and between partners in innovation-related multi-partner project design and planning between oriental and Finnish cultures. The paper focuses on the role of trust and challenges in the initiating stage presented by geographical distance and cultural differences. E-communication in interaction and negotiations are dealt with. Trust is seen as a potential unifying resource in relationships and looked from the view of intangible assets, as intellectual capital. The aim of the paper is to provide and increase understanding of both initial trust formation and cultural perspectives in the early stage of building relationships and network for innovation-related project involving knowledge holder institutions and other entrepreneurs. While a few studies of partnership trust development have been published lately in inter-organizational context (Cook & Schilke, 2013; Sloan & Oliver, 2013), this paper concentrates on the early stage (initial) trust formation and cross-cultural issues (Fulmer & Gelfand, 2012) and challenges that have been scarcely examined empirically so far. The paper presents some preliminary empirical findings based on data from different actors involved in the project. Auto ethnography method is used as well as written material. The question is how initial trust develops towards and between multiple partners involving education institutions and aiming to collaborate with entrepreneurs, such as care business and digital solutions providers. Awareness of process development and relational management skills are essential for advancement of innovative initiatives and formation in new international partnerships. Service providers and educational institutions need to develop trust with and for cross-cultural competences and understanding of customer value in order to strengthen preparedness for new advancements within international innovation project concept. New opportunities for entrepreneurship development internationally may arise unexpectedly when reciprocal trust and trustworthiness have been recognized and pursued.

Motivation: Modern single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have made it possible to measure the RNA content of individual cells. The scRNA-seq data provide us with detailed information about the cellular states but, despite several pioneering efforts, it remains an open research question how regulatory networks could be inferred from these noisy discrete read count data. Results: Here, we introduce a hierarchical regression model which is designed for detecting dependencies in scRNA-seq and other count data. We model count data using the Poisson-log normal distribution and, by means of our hierarchical formulation, detect the dependencies between genes using linear regression model for the latent, cell-specific gene expression rate parameters. The hierarchical formulation allows us to model count data without artificial data transformations and makes it possible to incorporate normalization information directly into the latent layer of the model. We test the proposed approach using both simulated and experimental data. Our results show that the proposed approach performs better than standard regression techniques in parameter inference task as well as in variable selection task.

Studies framing \"belonging\" as a key focus and a central concept of research have increased significantly in the 2000s. This article explores the dimensions of belonging as a scholarly concept. The investigation is based on a qualitative content analysis of articles published in academic journals covering a large number of different disciplines. The article poses and answers the following research questions: How is belonging understood and used in contemporary research? What added value does the concept bring to scholarly discussions? In the analysis, five topoi of conceptualizing belonging – spatiality, intersectionality, multiplicity, materiality, and non-belonging – were identified. After introducing the topoi, the article explores their cross-cutting dimensions, such as the emphasis on the political, emotional, and affective dimensions of belonging, and discusses key observations made from the data, such as the substantial proportion of research on minorities and \"vulnerable\" people. The analysis of the data suggests that by choosing to use the concept of belonging, scholars seek to emphasize the fluid, unfixed, and processual nature of diverse social and spatial attachments.

Was wird unter Zugehörigkeit verstanden und welche Standpunkte finden sich hierzu? Welches Wissen und welche Wissensarten (EISNER 2008) erbringen künstlerische Praktiken? In unserem Beitrag beschäftigen wir uns mit diesen Fragen ausgehend von dem Projekt \"Crossing Borders\", in dem wir partizipative kunstbasierte Verfahren zur Erforschung von Zugehörigkeit nutzten. Wir luden Teilnehmer*innen ein, ihr Verständnis von Zugehörigkeit in drei parallelen Workshops zu explorieren entlang unterschiedlicher Zugangsweisen (Film, Schreiben, Bilder/Zeichnungen). Ziel war, dass für jede*n in jedem Workshop ein künstlerisches Produkt entstehen sollte, das von Zugehörigkeit handelte. Hiervon ausgehend haben wir vier mögliche Standpunkte mit Blick auf das Konzept der Zugehörigkeit eruiert und untersucht, in welcher Weise diese einen Ausdruck in den künstlerischen Produkten der Teilnehmenden fanden. Zusätzlich fassen wir die Ergebnisse aus den Workshop-Diskussionen und aus Einzelinterviews zusammen und zeigen konzeptuell und an Materialien, dass aus künstlerische Praktiken sehr feines und situiertes Wissen über Zugehörigkeit resultieren kann, und dass wechselnde Standpunkte hierzu in materiellen Ausdrucksformen verankert werden können. So können kunstbasierte Verfahren helfen, das fluide Konzept von Zugehörigkeit zu bestimmen und zu kontextualisieren.

The toxicity of a harmful algal bloom is strongly determined by the relative abundance of non-toxic and toxic genotypes and might therefore be regulated by competition for growth-limiting resources. Here, we studied how the toxic Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC 7806 and a non-toxic mutant compete for nitrogen and phosphorus under constant and pulsed nutrient supply. Our monoculture and competition experiments show that these closely related genotypes have distinct nutrient physiologies and that they differ in their ability to compete for nitrogen and phosphorus. The toxic wild type won the competition under nitrogen limitation, while the non-toxic mutant dominated under phosphorus limitation. Pulses of both nitrogen and phosphorus increased the dominance of the toxic genotype, which lead to an even faster competitive exclusion of the non-toxic genotype under nitrogen pulses and to coexistence of both genotypes under phosphorus pulses. Our findings indicate that the genotype level dynamics driven by resource competition can be an important factor in determining cyanobacterial bloom toxicity.

This study examines the manifestation of intrinsic motivation by exploring the sources of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among employees of a retail hypermarket. The research uses narrative and ethnographical analysis from 24 interviews. Two unique dimensions were created for motivational power—source and growth process—for a new typology of work motivation. The typology consists of four processes: intrinsic regulation, intrinsic valuation, extrinsic valuation, and extrinsic regulation. The results show how intrinsic motivation can be reinforced through these processes. Recommendations are presented for different personnel teams in the service sector.