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Spindle activity phase-locked to sleep slow oscillations
The <1Hz slow oscillation (SO) and spindles are hallmarks of mammalian non-rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep. Spindle activity occurring phase-locked to the SO is considered a candidate mediator of memory consolidation during sleep. We used source localization of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings from 11 sleeping human subjects for an in-depth analysis of the temporal and spatial properties of sleep spindles co-occurring with SOs. Slow oscillations and spindles were identified in the EEG and related to the MEG signal, providing enhanced spatial resolution. In the temporal domain, we confirmed a phase-locking of classical 12–15Hz fast spindle activity to the depolarizing SO up-state and of 9–12Hz slow spindle activity to the up-to-down-state transition of the SO. In the spatial domain, we show a broad spread of spindle activity, with less distinct anterior–posterior separation of fast and slow spindles than commonly seen in the EEG. We further tested a prediction of current memory consolidation models, namely the existence of a spatial bias of SOs over sleep spindles as a mechanism to promote localized neuronal synchronization and plasticity. In contrast to that prediction, a comparison of SOs dominating over the left vs. right hemisphere did not reveal any signs of a concurrent lateralization of spindle activity co-occurring with these SOs. Our data are consistent with the concept of the neocortical SO exerting top-down control over thalamic spindle generation. However, they call into question the notion that SOs locally coordinate spindles and thereby inform spindle-related memory processing.
•Sleep spindles were examined during slow oscillations (SOs) using human MEG/EEG.•Fast and slow spindles showed diverging topography and phase-locking to the SO.•Lateralized amplitude or slope of SOs did not lateralize spindle activity.•Data are inconsistent with SOs coordinating local spindle-mediated memory processes.
Journal Article
Oak origins : from acorns to species and the tree of life
\"Oaks are familiar to almost everyone, and beloved. They are embedded in our mythology, and sculpted into cathedral walls. They have fed us, housed us, provided wood for our ships and wine barrels and homes and halls, planked our roads, and kept us warm. It is hard to imagine a more important tree genus than oaks to the culture and ecology of the Northern Hemisphere. There has been a great deal written about oaks for popular audiences, but no book has focused on oaks' evolutionary history. In this engrossing book, Andrew L. Hipp, an expert on plant ecology and evolution, shows how oaks themselves are part of the Tree of Life, connecting all organisms that have ever lived on Earth. Considering oaks' lineage from their beginnings some 120 million years ago to today, he investigates how their evolution is imprinted on our world\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Do hiring practices penalize women and benefit men for having children? Experimental evidence from Germany
Although observational studies from many countries have consistently shown that motherhood negatively affects women’s wages, experimental findings on its effect on the likelihood of being hired are less conclusive. Motherhood penalties in hiring have been reported in the US, the prototypical liberal market economy, but not in Sweden, the prototypical social-democratic welfare state. Based on a field experiment in Germany, this study examines the effects of parenthood on hiring processes in the prototypical conservative welfare state. My findings indicate that job recruitment processes indeed penalize women but not men for having children. In addition to providing theoretical explanations for why motherhood penalties in hiring are particularly likely to occur in the German context, this study also highlights several methodological and practical issues that should be considered when conducting correspondence studies to examine labor market discrimination.
Journal Article
Teen Titans go! Volume 1, Party, party!
\"Based on the hit TV show, [this is an] all-new, all-ages comic book series. Join Robin, Starfire, Beast Boy, and Raven as they display their unique brand of hijinks, mayhem and justice. But giant pizza monsters are not the only dastardly and delicious villains on the menu--so dig in, Titans\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Oaks: an evolutionary success story
The genus Quercus is among the most widespread and species-rich tree genera in the northern hemisphere. The extraordinary species diversity in America and Asia together with the continuous continental distribution of a limited number of European species raise questions about how macro- and microevolutionary processes made the genus Quercus an evolutionary success. Synthesizing conclusions reached during the past three decades by complementary approaches in phylogenetics, phylogeography, genomics, ecology, paleobotany, population biology and quantitative genetics, this review aims to illuminate evolutionary processes leading to the radiation and expansion of oaks. From opposing scales of time and geography, we converge on four overarching explanations of evolutionary success in oaks: accumulation of large reservoirs of diversity within populations and species; ability for rapid migration contributing to ecological priority effects on lineage diversification; high rates of evolutionary divergence within clades combined with convergent solutions to ecological problems across clades; and propensity for hybridization, contributing to adaptive introgression and facilitating migration. Finally, we explore potential future research avenues, emphasizing the integration of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary perspectives.
Journal Article
Teen Titans go! Volume 2, Welcome to the pizza dome
\"Robin, Starfire, Beast Boy, Cyborg, and Raven continue their partying in this jam-packed, adventure-filled volume ... guest-starring Batman, Superman, and the Justice League\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Uncovering the genomic signature of ancient introgression between white oak lineages (Quercus)
• Botanists have long recognised interspecific gene flow as a common occurrence within white oaks (Quercus section Quercus). Historical allele exchange, however, has not been fully characterised and the complex genomic signals resulting from the combination of vertical and horizontal gene transmission may confound phylogenetic inference and obscure our ability to accurately infer the deep evolutionary history of oaks.
• Using anchored enrichment, we obtained a phylogenomic dataset consisting of hundreds of single-copy nuclear loci. Concatenation, species-tree and network analyses were carried out in an attempt to uncover the genomic signal of ancient introgression and infer the divergent phylogenetic topology for the white oak clade. Locus and site-level likelihood comparisons were then conducted to further explore the introgressed signal within our dataset.
• Historical, intersectional gene flow is suggested to have occurred between an ancestor of the Eurasian Roburoid lineage and Quercus pontica and North American Dumosae and Prinoideae lineages.
• Despite extensive time past, our approach proved successful in detecting the genomic signature of ancient introgression. Our results, however, highlight the importance of sampling and the use of a plurality of analytical tools and methods to sufficiently explore genomic datasets, uncover this signal, and accurately infer evolutionary history.
Journal Article
Prank'd! ; and, Don't look
In this collection of two graphic novels, the Teen Titans kill the boredom between missions by playing pranks, but when Beast Boy pranks Batman, things do not go well. In the second story a mysterious package arrives for Raven, and the others drive themselves crazy wondering what it contains.
Book
Cancer statistics for adolescents and young adults, 2020
Cancer statistics for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) (aged 15‐39 years) are often presented in aggregate, masking important heterogeneity. The authors analyzed population‐based cancer incidence and mortality for AYAs in the United States by age group (ages 15‐19, 20‐29, and 30‐39 years), sex, and race/ethnicity. In 2020, there will be approximately 89,500 new cancer cases and 9270 cancer deaths in AYAs. Overall cancer incidence increased in all AYA age groups during the most recent decade (2007‐2016), largely driven by thyroid cancer, which rose by approximately 3% annually among those aged 20 to 39 years and 4% among those aged 15 to 19 years. Incidence also increased in most age groups for several cancers linked to obesity, including kidney (3% annually across all age groups), uterine corpus (3% in the group aged 20‐39 years), and colorectum (0.9%‐1.5% in the group aged 20‐39 years). Rates declined dramatically for melanoma in the group aged 15 to 29 years (4%‐6% annually) but remained stable among those aged 30 to 39 years. Overall cancer mortality declined during 2008 through 2017 by 1% annually across age and sex groups, except for women aged 30 to 39 years, among whom rates were stable because of a flattening of declines in female breast cancer. Rates increased for cancers of the colorectum and uterine corpus in the group aged 30 to 39 years, mirroring incidence trends. Five‐year relative survival in AYAs is similar across age groups for all cancers combined (range, 83%‐86%) but varies widely for some cancers, such as acute lymphocytic leukemia (74% in the group aged 15‐19 years vs 51% in the group aged 30‐39 years) and brain tumors (77% vs 66%), reflecting differences in histologic subtype distribution and treatment. Progress in reducing cancer morbidity and mortality among AYAs could be addressed through more equitable access to health care, increasing clinical trial enrollment, expanding research, and greater alertness among clinicians and patients for early symptoms and signs of cancer. Further progress could be accelerated with increased disaggregation by age in research on surveillance, etiology, basic biology, and survivorship.
Journal Article