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"Hitesh"
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Notes on time entanglement and pseudo-entropy
Following
arXiv:2210.12963
[hep-th], we investigate aspects of the time evolution operator regarded as a density operator and associated entanglement-like structures in various quantum systems. These involve timelike separations and generically lead to complex-valued entropy, although there are interesting real subfamilies. There are many parallels and close relations with reduced transition matrices and pseudo-entropy, which we discuss and clarify. For instance, a related quantity involves the time evolution operator along with a projection onto some initial state, which amounts to analysing pseudo-entropy for the initial state and its time-evolved final state.
Journal Article
Phase Behavior of Ritonavir Amorphous Solid Dispersions during Hydration and Dissolution
Purpose
The aim of this research was to study the interplay of solid and solution state phase transformations during the dissolution of ritonavir (RTV) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs).
Methods
RTV ASDs with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVPVA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) were prepared at 10–50% drug loading by solvent evaporation. The miscibility of RTV ASDs was studied before and after exposure to 97% relative humidity (RH). Non-sink dissolution studies were performed on fresh and moisture-exposed ASDs. RTV and polymer release were monitored using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Techniques including fluorescence spectroscopy, confocal imaging, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were utilized to monitor solid and the solution state phase transformations.
Results
All RTV-PVP and RTV-PVPVA ASDs underwent moisture-induced amorphous-amorphous phase separation (AAPS) on high RH storage whereas RTV-HPMCAS ASDs remained miscible. Non-sink dissolution of PVP- and PVPVA-based ASDs at low drug loadings led to rapid RTV and polymer release resulting in concentrations in excess of amorphous solubility, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and amorphous nanodroplet formation. High drug loading PVP- and PVPVA-based ASDs did not exhibit LLPS upon dissolution as a consequence of extensive AAPS in the hydrated ASD matrix. All RTV-HPMCAS ASDs led to LLPS upon dissolution.
Conclusions
RTV ASD dissolution is governed by a competition between the dissolution rate and the rate of phase separation in the hydrated ASD matrix. LLPS was observed for ASDs where the drug release was polymer controlled and only ASDs that remained miscible during the initial phase of dissolution led to LLPS. Techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, confocal imaging and SEM were useful in understanding the phase behavior of ASDs upon hydration and dissolution and were helpful in elucidating the mechanism of generation of amorphous nanodroplets.
Journal Article
Additive manufacturing: expanding 3D printing horizon in industry 4.0
Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology enables the production of personalized goods at reduced development costs, shorter lead times, lower energy consumption during manufacturing, and decreased material waste. AM will be consolidated as a leading technology in numerous sectors in the near future due to the maturity of the technology, the wide range of possibilities afforded by 3D printing, and the institutional push. One of the most important aspects of Industry 4.0 is 3D printing. It may be used to fabricate complicated parts and allows companies to cut inventory, develop on-demand items, create smaller localized manufacturing conditions, and even shorten supply chains. AM is expected to increase rapidly in the future because of its above stated remarkable “performance record.“ According to a report published the AM market is predicted to produce US$2 trillion worth of components and end products by year 2030. Hence integration of smart technology and production systems or indirectly one can say that AM is promoting Industry 4.0 and it plays a pivotal role in solving some of the 4th industrial revolution’s most important needs. AM is a future paradigm for futuristic production systems, and Industry 4.0 will leverage its potential to reach essential goals. AM will be found now days in a variety of industrial applications including aerospace and health care to consumer goods. This review article discusses about brief AM technology, history, its industrial applications, challenges, and future prospective. Finally, case studies using AM has been considered.
Journal Article
Electroencephalogram based brain-computer interface: Applications, challenges, and opportunities
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) is an exciting and emerging research area for researchers and scientists. It is a suitable combination of software and hardware to operate any device mentally. This review emphasizes the significant stages in the BCI domain, current problems, and state-of-the-art findings. This article also covers how current results can contribute to new knowledge about BCI, an overview of BCI from its early developments to recent advancements, BCI applications, challenges, and future directions. The authors pointed to unresolved issues and expressed how BCI is valuable for analyzing the human brain. Humans' dependence on machines has led humankind into a new future where BCI can play an essential role in improving this modern world.
Journal Article
A Comprehensive Review on Urban Resilience via Fault-Tolerant IoT and Sensor Networks
Fault tolerance is essential for reliable and sustainable smart city infrastructure. Interconnected IoT systems must function under frequent faults, limited resources, and complex conditions. Existing research covers various fault-tolerant methods. However, current reviews often lack system-level critique and multidimensional analysis. This study provides a structured review of fault tolerance strategies across layered IoT architectures in smart cities. It evaluates fault detection, containment, and recovery techniques using specific metrics. These include fault visibility, propagation depth, containment score, and energy-resilience trade-offs. The analysis uses comparative tables, architecture-aware discussions, and conceptual plots. It investigates the impact of fault tolerance on decision-making in Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, sensor networks, and real-time controllers. Simulation results and logic-based design support the relationships between evaluation metrics. Findings show a common reliance on redundancy and reactive methods. Many techniques fail to address cross-layer propagation, context-aware adaptation, and silent fault impact on user trust. The study combines these overlooked aspects into a system-level framework. This survey identifies performance bottlenecks and supports the design of adaptive, energy-efficient, and transparent IoT systems. The results contribute to bridging technical reliability with public trust, supporting scalable and responsible smart city development.
Journal Article
Multiple forgery detection in digital video based on inconsistency in video quality assessment attributes
With the enormous development of video capture, sharing, and editing tools, the authenticity and correctness of videos are under threat. Videos captured by a CCTV or any surveillance system are modified or altered for malicious purposes. It is essential to verify the integrity of any digital video prior to representing it in court. Inter-frame and intra-frame forgeries are performed on digital videos for the alternation or removal of important content from the video. Frame deletion is the most typical type of inter-frame forgery which can be performed single or multiple times in a video. Many significant frame deletion detection algorithms have been developed for single frame deletion detection. Methods for multiple forgery detection in a video are not well explored so far. In this paper, we propose a three-step frame deletion detection method to detect single and multiple forgeries in a video. In the first step, input videos are separated into two categories: static and dynamic, using a key frame extraction algorithm. In the second step of feature selection, to achieve higher accuracy and precision, two different sets of video quality assessment attributes are selected for static and dynamic videos using the forward selection method. In the third step, multiple linear regression is applied to a set of attributes to detect outliers using inconsistencies in video quality assessment attributes. The number of outliers determines whether the video is an original, a single tampered, or a multiple tampered frame deletion video. The proposed method is applied to a large video dataset that comprises static and dynamic videos with various activities, like traffic, sports, news, a ball rolling, airports, gardens, highways, zoom in and out, etc. The performance of the proposed method is assessed with the help of performance parameters like accuracy, recall, F1-score, and precision. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs better in detecting single and multiple frame deletion forgery. The proposed method is also compared with the state of the art to validate its effectiveness.
Journal Article
Transcallosal Suprachoroidal Approach for a Small Third Ventricular Colloid Cyst
Background and Introduction: The interhemispheric transcallosal approach provides an elegant pathway to access the lesions of the third ventricle. However, every step of this approach is fraught with hazards which must be negotiated delicately. A comprehensive knowledge of surgical anatomy coupled with technical skill is necessary for optimum surgical results. Objective: This video aims to address the surgical nuances of the suprachoroidal transcallosal approach while accessing the lesions around the foramen of Monro in the anterior and middle part of the third ventricle. Surgical Technique: A 16-year-old boy presented with worsening headaches with episodes of speech arrest and blank stare for 6 years, which had become more frequent over the past 4-5 months. Radiology showed a subcentimeteric colloid cyst at the foramen of monro. A transcallosal corridor was used to reach the foramen of monro, and the suprachoroidal access was adopted to uncover the colloid cyst and excise it completely preserving the deep veins. Results: The patient had uneventful recovery and radiology showed complete excision of the cyst. Conclusion: Transcallosal approach, being minimally invasive, exploits the natural extra-axial corridor (interhemispheric) obviating the need for a cortical incision. The suprachoroidal approach mitigates the risks of thalamostriate vein injury, basal ganglia stroke, and hemiparesis.
Journal Article