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It is hypothesised here that some mealybug (Pseudococcidae) and root mealybug (Rhizoecidae) prepupae and pupae are mobile. The prepupa and pupa of the mealybug Promyrmococcus dilli Williams and the prepupa of the root mealybug Ripersiella malschae (Williams) are described and illustrated and their probable mobility is discussed. It is also suggested that the prepupae and pupae of the mealybug Macrocepicoccus loranthi Morrison can move rapidly on the leaves when disturbed.

Adventure Education is a form of experiential learning typically associated with activities involving risk, from cooperative games such as raft building to high adventure activities such as rock climbing. Adventure Education: An Introduction provides a comprehensive introduction to the planning, delivery and evaluation of Adventure Education, with a strong emphasis on professional practice and delivery. Written by a team of leading Adventure Educators who can draw upon an extensive experience base, the book explores the most important strategies for teaching, learning and implementation in Adventure Education. The book is fully illustrated throughout with real-world case studies and research surveying the key contemporary issues facing Adventure Education Practitioners. This includes essentials for the adventure educator such as risk management and tailoring activities to meet specific learning needs, as well as providing an insight into contemporary uses for adventure programmes. With outdoor and adventure activities being more popular than ever before, this book is essential reading for any student, teacher or practitioner looking to understand Adventure Education and develop their professional skills.

A new soft scale insect genus, Sterculicoccus Hodgson new genus, is introduced to take a new species, Sterculicoccus tafoensis Hodgson new species, off Triplochiton from Ghana. Sterculicoccus belongs to the Myzolecaniinae and is close to Alecanium Morrison. In addition, a new species of Hemilecanium Newstead, H. cedrelus Hodgson, new species, is also described off Cedrela toona from Zambia. H. cedrelus is close to Hemilecanium coriaceum Hall and H. uesatoi Kondo & Hardy (Saissetiinae). The adult females of these two species are described, along with the 1stinstar and the 2nd and 3rdinstar females of H. cedrelus.

The prediction of microbial concentrations and loads in receiving waters is a key requirement for informing policy decisions in order to safeguard human health. However, modelling the fate and transfer dynamics of faecally derived microorganisms at different spatial scales poses a considerable challenge to the research and policy community. The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the complexities and associated uncertainties attributed to the development of models for assessing agriculturally derived microbial pollution of watercourses. A series of key issues with respect to scale appropriate modelling of diffuse microbial pollution from agriculture is presented, and these include: (1) appreciating inadequacies in baseline sampling to underpin model development; (2) uncertainty in the magnitudes of microbial pollutants attributed to different faecal sources; (3) continued development of the empirical evidence base in line with other agricultural pollutants; (4) acknowledging the value of interdisciplinary working; and (5) beginning to account for economics in model development. It is argued that uncertainty in model predictions produces a space for meaningful scrutiny of the nature of evidence and assumptions underpinning model applications around which pathways towards more effective model development may ultimately emerge.

The government's strategy recognizes that there is a generational opportunity to build economic development opportunities with local communities and Indigenous partners in 2023 and beyond, while decarbonizing our economy, strengthening Ontario's mining-to-manufacturing supply chain, and contributing to the global fight against climate change. A World Bank Group report, Minerals for climate action: the mineral intensity of the clean energy transition, finds that the production of minerals, such as graphite, lithium, and cobalt, could increase by nearly 500% by 2050 to meet the growing demand for clean energy technologies. [...]OMA members are focused on making the industry more inclusive and diversifying the labour pool by increasing the participation of women, immigrants, Indigenous people, and workers from other industries who have transferable skills.

Rock climbing is a multi-discipline activity that encompasses forms such as bouldering, top roping and lead climbing on natural and artificial climbing surfaces. A major focus of research has been explanation of physiological functioning. More recent research indicates that anxiety levels are elevated for less experienced climbers and in response to lead climbing ascents. Research regarding the demands of rock climbing has placed a lesser focus on the interaction of psychological and physiological factors. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of an on-sight lead climb on the physiological and psychological demands of the climb in comparison with a subsequent lead climb. Ten intermediate level climbers volunteered to complete the two climbing trials, on-sight lead climb (OSLC) and second lead climb (LC2). Climb time, lactate concentrations (baseline, pre climb, post climb and 15 min post climb), heart rate (1 min pre climb, peak HR, 1 min post climb and average climb across the duration of the climb), oxygen consumption, pre climb anxiety (CSAI-2R) were assessed for each climber for both trials. Results indicated that there were significant differences in self reported pre climb somatic and cognitive anxiety (t(9) = 2.79, p = 0.01, t(9) = 1.94, p = 0.043), climb time (t(9) = 3.07, p = 0.0052) and post climb lactate concentrations between the climbs (t(9) = 2.58, p = 0.015). These results indicate that psychological as well as physiological stress impact upon the response to rock climbing. The higher anxiety levels associated with an OSLC are likely to have influenced the physiological responses for the intermediate climbers in this study. Future studies should take into account the type of climbing, experience of climbers and the number of ascents as well as taking into account the interaction between physiological and psychological factors in response to rock climbing. Key pointsFor intermediate climbers, there are significant differences in physiological and psychological responses to on-sight lead and subsequent lead climb.There was an increased psychological and physiological load for leading a climb for the first time (on-sight).These results indicate that the type of climbing should be taken into account when interpreting results from climbing studies with intermediate or recreational climbers.

Secondary metabolites are important in plant defence against pests and diseases. Similarly, insects can use plant secondary metabolites in defence and, in some cases, synthesize their own products. The paper describes how two specialist brassica feeders, Brevicoryne brassicae (cabbage aphid) and Lipaphis erysimi (turnip aphid) can sequester glucosinolates (thioglucosides) from their host plants, yet avoid the generation of toxic degradation products by compartmentalizing myrosinase (thioglucosidase) into crystalline microbodies. We propose that death, or damage, to the insect by predators or disease causes disruption of compartmentalized myrosinase, which results in the release of isothiocyanate that acts as a synergist for the alarm pheromone E-β-farnesene.

New report highlights growing economic impact, importance, of mining to Ontario After two years of uncertainty and lockdowns that resulted in the largest drop in global GDP in history, I think we could all use a little hope this year, yes? A report by EY, commissioned by the Ontario Mining Association (OMA) in partnership with Ontario's Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry (MNDMNRF), offers a great deal of hope. The report also includes an in-depth Critical Mineral Analysis, which suggests that our industry is poised to play a leadership role in our post-pandemic recovery efforts, helping to enable the transition to a low-carbon economy both at home and abroad. A data-driven framework demonstrates the relative economic importance and supply risk of each mineral on Ontario's proposed critical minerals list, which was released for public consultation in June 2021. [...]this framework can be used to identify additional minerals to be included on the list.