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"Hoffmann, A"
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بائع الرمل
بائع الرمل تحفة أدبية نفيسة من خلال البطل المضطرب يقود الكاتب هوفمان القارئ إلى أجواء خانقة من التوتر العصبي فيجعله يلهث كي يعرف ما سيحدث، فحين كان البطل صغيرا كانت أمه تدعوه إلى النوم وتهدده بقدوم بائع الرمل الذي ينثر رمله في أعين الأطفال الساهرين قبل أن يقتادهم إلى جهة مجهولة ...، ويموت الأب في ظروف غامضة ...، ويكبر الولد ...، ويظهر بائع الرمل أمامه ...، تشويق لا حدود له تضمنه دار العماد للقارئ مع هذا العمل اللافت.
BOOK
India and the China Crisis
The earliest accounts of the Sino-Indian boundary dispute cast India as the victim of Chinese betrayal and expansionism, but a more favorable image of China vis-a-vis India has appeared since the 1970s. Since then, China has been portrayed as the victim of India's self-righteous intransigence, with the 1962 India-China war occurring because China was provoked into practicing a justifiable form of realpolitik. These two seemingly irreconcilable academic schools of thought still exist. In this case study of India's decision-making between the years of 1959 and 1963, the critical first years of its border conflict with China, Steven A. Hoffmann takes an important step in reconciling the conflicting views of the crisis and of the ascribed reasons for the war that ensued in 1962. Drawing on interviews with Indian officials, military officers, and political leaders and on memoirs and other sources gathered during concentrated research in India, England, and North America between 1983 and 1986, the author provides previously unknown material on the perceptions and realities of Indian decision making. A model for international crisis behavior, as proposed by Michael Brecher, is used to help establish a balanced treatment of information and offer insights into such questions as why India and China both failed to understand one another's frontier psychologies and strategies, and why the Nehru government did not succeed in managing the conflict. This richly detailed and carefully researched approach is invaluable in this time when India and China are once again exploring ways to establish a solid relationship. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1990.
eBook
رجل الرمال : رواية قصيرة
رجل الرمال شخصية خرافية شعبية وردت في العديد من قصص الأطفال والمراجع، إذ يحكى أنه يرش الرمل أو الغبار السحري على عيون الأطفال ليلا ليناموا فيحملهم إلى الأحلام العجيبة أما في عام 1816 فقد قام هوفمان بصنع النسخة الشريرة من الشخصية في روايته القصيرة هذه.
Book
Spin transport and spin torque in antiferromagnetic devices
Ferromagnets are key materials for sensing and memory applications. In contrast, antiferromagnets, which represent the more common form of magnetically ordered materials, have found less practical application beyond their use for establishing reference magnetic orientations via exchange bias. This might change in the future due to the recent progress in materials research and discoveries of antiferromagnetic spintronic phenomena suitable for device applications. Experimental demonstration of the electrical switching and detection of the Néel order open a route towards memory devices based on antiferromagnets. Apart from the radiation and magnetic-field hardness, memory cells fabricated from antiferromagnets can be inherently multilevel, which could be used for neuromorphic computing. Switching speeds attainable in antiferromagnets far exceed those of ferromagnetic and semiconductor memory technologies. Here, we review the recent progress in electronic spin-transport and spin-torque phenomena in antiferromagnets that are dominantly of the relativistic quantum-mechanical origin. We discuss their utility in pure antiferromagnetic or hybrid ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic memory devices.
Journal Article
مصادر الطاقة المستقبلية : الهيدروجين وخلايا الوقود والتوقعات لكوكب أنظف
يرى الكثير من النشطاء البيئيين وعلماء الطاقة أن أمام البشرية فقط بضعة عقود من السنين قبل وقوع الكارثة لإجراء التحول الضروري والجسيم من حضارة اقتصاد الوقود الأحفوري الى حضارة اقتصاد الهيدروجين ويتطلب ذلك إقصاء استعمال الوقود الأحفوري بجميع مشتقاته واستبداله بمصادر الطاقة البديلة المستدامة مع استعمال الهيدروجين كناقل للطاقة وتستدعي هذه العملية تحولات كبيرة في الاقتصاد والسياسة والمجتمع ويساعد في ذلك الدخول في عصر المعلوماتية والأنترنت.
Book
Pharmacological modulation of nucleic acid sensors — therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles
Nucleic acid sensors, primarily TLR and RLR family members, as well as cGAS–STING signalling, play a critical role in the preservation of cellular and organismal homeostasis. Accordingly, deregulated nucleic acid sensing contributes to the origin of a diverse range of disorders, including infectious diseases, as well as cardiovascular, autoimmune and neoplastic conditions. Accumulating evidence indicates that normalizing aberrant nucleic acid sensing can mediate robust therapeutic effects. However, targeting nucleic acid sensors with pharmacological agents, such as STING agonists, presents multiple obstacles, including drug-, target-, disease- and host-related issues. Here, we discuss preclinical and clinical data supporting the potential of this therapeutic paradigm and highlight key limitations and possible strategies to overcome them.
Journal Article
كسارة البندق وملك الفئران
\"كسارة البندق وملك الفئران\" هي رواية كلاسيكية كتبها إرنست تيودور أماديوس هوفمان عام 1816. تدور القصة حول فتاة صغيرة تدعى ماري، التي تتلقى دمية كسارة البندق كهدية في عيد الميلاد. تكتشف ماري أن دميتها تتحول إلى أمير شجاع يقودها في مغامرة سحرية لمحاربة ملك الفئران الشرير وجيشه. تبدأ القصة عشية عيد الميلاد في منزل عائلة ستالبام، حيث تتلقى ماري وشقيقها فريتز العديد من الهدايا، بما في ذلك دمية كسارة البندق. في الليل، تكتشف ماري أن الدمى والألعاب تنبض بالحياة، وتجد نفسها في معركة بين كسارة البندق وجيش الفئران بقيادة ملك الفئران ذو السبعة رؤوس. بمساعدة ماري، يتمكن كسارة البندق من هزيمة ملك الفئران، ويأخذها إلى مملكة سحرية حيث تتحول الدمى إلى بشر. الرواية مليئة بالعناصر الخيالية والسحرية، وتعتبر واحدة من أشهر أعمال هوفمان. ألهمت القصة العديد من الأعمال الفنية الأخرى، بما في ذلك باليه \"كسارة البندق\" الشهير الذي ألفه تشايكوفسكي.
Book
Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission
Wolbachia
used to counter dengue fever
The mosquito-borne viral disease dengue fever is an increasing problem in tropical and subtropical regions. Traditional control measures aimed at reducing populations of the main transmission vector,
Aedes aegypti
, have had little success. Two papers in this issue report an alternative approach to mosquito population control using the bacterium
Wolbachia pipientis
, natural insect symbionts that facilitate their own transmission through a process called cytoplasmic incompatibility. In the first paper, Scott O'Neill and colleagues describe a
Wolbachia
strain derived from fruitflies that significantly reduces dengue virus carriage in mosquitoes without imposing a fitness cost. In the second paper, they demonstrate in a controlled field trial that the release of colonized mosquitoes leads to successful invasion of natural mosquito populations. These results suggest a viable strategy to control dengue fever.
Genetic manipulations of insect populations for pest control have been advocated for some time, but there are few cases where manipulated individuals have been released in the field and no cases where they have successfully invaded target populations
1
. Population transformation using the intracellular bacterium
Wolbachia
is particularly attractive because this maternally-inherited agent provides a powerful mechanism to invade natural populations through cytoplasmic incompatibility
2
. When
Wolbachia
are introduced into mosquitoes, they interfere with pathogen transmission and influence key life history traits such as lifespan
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
. Here we describe how the
w
Mel
Wolbachia
infection, introduced into the dengue vector
Aedes aegypti
from
Drosophila melanogaster
7
, successfully invaded two natural
A. aegypti
populations in Australia, reaching near-fixation in a few months following releases of
w
Mel-infected
A. aegypti
adults. Models with plausible parameter values indicate that
Wolbachia
-infected mosquitoes suffered relatively small fitness costs, leading to an unstable equilibrium frequency <30% that must be exceeded for invasion. These findings demonstrate that
Wolbachia
-based strategies can be deployed as a practical approach to dengue suppression with potential for area-wide implementation.
Journal Article
The nutcracker
After rescuing her Christmas nutcracker from an army of angry toys, Marie and her brother are rewarded by the nutcracker, now a prince, with a fantastic nighttime journey to a realm of dancing fairies, beautiful palaces, and wonderful things to eat.
BOOK
The Wolbachia strain wAu provides highly efficient virus transmission blocking in Aedes aegypti
Introduced transinfections of the inherited bacteria Wolbachia can inhibit transmission of viruses by Aedes mosquitoes, and in Ae. aegypti are now being deployed for dengue control in a number of countries. Only three Wolbachia strains from the large number that exist in nature have to date been introduced and characterized in this species. Here novel Ae. aegypti transinfections were generated using the wAlbA and wAu strains. In its native Ae. albopictus, wAlbA is maintained at lower density than the co-infecting wAlbB, but following transfer to Ae. aegypti the relative strain density was reversed, illustrating the strain-specific nature of Wolbachia-host co-adaptation in determining density. The wAu strain also reached high densities in Ae. aegypti, and provided highly efficient transmission blocking of dengue and Zika viruses. Both wAu and wAlbA were less susceptible than wMel to density reduction/incomplete maternal transmission resulting from elevated larval rearing temperatures. Although wAu does not induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), it was stably combined with a CI-inducing strain as a superinfection, and this would facilitate its spread into wild populations. Wolbachia wAu provides a very promising new option for arbovirus control, particularly for deployment in hot tropical climates.
Journal Article