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Evolution of pest resistance to pesticides is an urgent global problem with resistance recorded in at least 954 species of pests, including 546 arthropods, 218 weeds, and 190 plant pathogens. To facilitate understanding and management of resistance, we provide definitions of 50 key terms related to resistance. We confirm the broad, long-standing definition of resistance, which is a genetically based decrease in susceptibility to a pesticide, and the definition of “field-evolved resistance,” which is a genetically based decrease in susceptibility to a pesticide in a population caused by exposure to the pesticide in the field. The impact of field-evolved resistance on pest control can vary from none to severe. We define “practical resistance” as field-evolved resistance that reduces pesticide efficacy and has practical consequences for pest control. Recognizing that resistance is not “all or none” and that intermediate levels of resistance can have a continuum of effects on pest control, we describe five categories of field-evolved resistance and use them to classify 13 cases of field-evolved resistance to five Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in transgenic corn and cotton based on monitoring data from five continents for nine major pest species. We urge researchers to publish and analyze their resistance monitoring data in conjunction with data on management practices to accelerate progress in determining which actions will be most useful in response to specific data on the magnitude, distribution, and impact of resistance.

Pesticide resistance has had a substantial impact on crop production and has been an important driver of change in modern agriculture, animal production and human health. Focusing specifically on arthropods, this book provides a comprehensive review of relevant issues in pesticide resistance. Detailed listings and references to all documented reports of resistance from around the world are included.

The theory of kin selection1, which revolutionized the study of social behaviour, requires the discrimination of relatives from non-relatives. Many animals possess this ability, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms have not been studied. Here we provide evidence for the neurochemical modulation of nestmate recognition: treatment with octopamine agonists improves the discrimination of related nestmates from unrelated non-nestmates in honeybees.

The formamidine pesticide chlordimeform and its N-demethylated metabolites cause the light organ of the firefly Photinus pyralis L. to glow brightly. Monodemethyl chlordimeform is active at doses as low as 5 nanograms per insect when applied topically. This action is postsynaptic and probably involves membrane-bound receptors since cyproheptadine blocks the glows induced by both monodemethyl chlordimeform and octopamine, the putative neurotransmitter in the light organ. The pesticidal and pestistatic properties of the formamidines may result from actions on octopaminergic systems.

Evolution of pest resistance to pesticides is an urgent global problem with resistance recorded in at least 954 species of pests, including 546 arthropods, 218 weeds, and 190 plant pathogens. To facilitate understanding and management of resistance, we provide definitions of 50 key terms related to resistance. We confirm the broad, long-standing definition of resistance, which is a genetically based decrease in susceptibility to a pesticide, and the definition of \"field-evolved resistance,\" which is a genetically based decrease in susceptibility to a pesticide in a population caused by exposure to the pesticide in the field. The impact of field-evolved resistance on pest control can vary from none to severe. We define \"practical resistance\" as field-evolved resistance that reduces pesticide efficacy and has practical consequences for pest control. Recognizing that resistance is not \"all or none\" and that intermediate levels of resistance can have a continuum of effects on pest control, we describe five categories of field-evolved resistance and use them to classify 13 cases of field-evolved resistance to five Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in transgenic corn and cotton based on monitoring data from five continents for nine major pest species. We urge researchers to publish and analyze their resistance monitoring data in conjunction with data on management practices to accelerate progress in determining which actions will be most useful in response to specific data on the magnitude, distribution, and impact of resistance.

This book contains 6 chapters focusing on the following topics: analysis of global pesticide resistance in arthropods; documentation of pesticide resistance in arthropods; the biochemical and molecular genetic basis of resistance to pesticides in arthropods; assessing the risk of the evolution of resistance to pesticides using spatially complex simulation models; pesticide and transgenic plant resistance management in the field; and the politics of resistance management.

This chapter reports the findings and analysis contained in a database of arthropod pesticide resistance and resistance management strategies. We also report resistance case analysis by chemical mode of action, top 20 most problematic arthropods, and decade analysis. We view this effort as the beginning of an automated era of pesticide resistance case reporting globally.

This chapter describes the principal mechanisms of resistance that allow arthropods to escape control, as discovered through laboratory toxicological and molecular genetic studies. By reviewing the scientific literature of the last 10 years, the complexities of mechanisms of resistance are discussed, including acetylcholinesterase insensitivity, the kdr factor (knockdown resistance due to altered sodium channels), enhanced metabolism, reduced penetration, and target site insensitivity, among others. The molecular biology of the resistance is also briefly described.