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Abstract BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Hemi-laryngopharyngeal spasm (HeLPS) has been recently described but is not yet widely recognized. Patients describe intermittent coughing and choking and can be cured following microvascular decompression of their Xth cranial nerve. This case report and literature review highlight that HeLPS can co-occur with glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN) and has been previously described (but not recognized) in the neurosurgical literature. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A patient with GN and additional symptoms compatible with HeLPS is presented. The patient reported left-sided, intermittent, swallow-induced, severe electrical pain radiating from her ear to her throat (GN). She also reported intermittent severe coughing, throat contractions causing a sense of suffocation, and dysphonia (HeLPS). All her symptoms resolved following a left microvascular decompression of a loop of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery that was pulsating against both the IXth and Xth cranial nerves. A review of the senior author's database revealed another patient with this combination of symptoms. An international literature review found 27 patients have been previously described with symptoms of GN and the additional (but not recognized at the time) symptoms of HeLPS. CONCLUSION This review highlights that patients with symptoms compatible with HeLPS have been reported since 1926 in at least 4 languages. This additional evidence supports the growing recognition that HeLPS is another neurovascular compression syndrome. Patients with HeLPS continue to be misdiagnosed as conversion disorder. The increased recognition of this new medical condition will require neurosurgical treatment and should alleviate the suffering of these patients.

Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders (NPD), also sometimes referred to as psychosurgery, is rapidly evolving, with new techniques and indications being investigated actively. Many within the field have suggested that some form of guidelines or regulations are needed to help ensure that a promising field develops safely. Multiple countries have enacted specific laws regulating NPD. This article reviews NPD-specific laws drawn from North and South America, Asia and Europe, in order to identify the typical form and contents of these laws and to set the groundwork for the design of an optimal regulation for the field. Key challenges for this design that are revealed by the review are how to define the scope of the law (what should be regulated), what types of regulations are required (eligibility criteria, approval procedures, data collection, and oversight mechanisms), and how to approach international harmonization given the potential migration of researchers and patients.

L’étude CanADA: une évaluation de l’accès à la stimulation cérébrale profonde. Contexte : La Loi canadienne sur la santé exige un accès raisonnable à tous les traitements considérés nécessaire sur le plan médical. Cela dit, aucune information ne permet d’évaluer l’accès actuel à la neuro-modulation dans tout le pays. Cette étude vise donc à quantifier le taux actuel de traitements de stimulation cérébrale profonde (SCP) pour l’ensemble du Canada. Nous avons ainsi procédé à une série d’analyses afin de déterminer s’il existait des différences en termes d’accès à la SCP en fonction des variables suivantes : la province ou le territoire d’origine ; le fait de vivre dans une région rurale ou non ; le statut socio-économique. Méthodes : Tous les appareils de SCP implantés au Canada au cours d’une période de deux ans (de janvier 2015 à décembre 2016) ont été fournis soit par Boston Scientific ou par Medtronic. Ces entreprises ont ensuite fait parvenir aux chercheurs des données anonymisées, lesquelles incluaient l’âge des patients et la région correspondant à leur domicile. Des données tirées du recensement 2016 de Statistique Canada ont également été utilisées afin de déterminer le taux de chirurgie par neuro-modulation et dans quelle mesure l’accès à ce traitement était associé aux variables énumérées ci-dessus. Résultats : Au total, 722 patients ont été étudiés. Le taux annuel de SCP pour la totalité du pays était de 10 pour chaque million d’habitants. La Saskatchewan s’est révélée nettement au-dessus de la moyenne nationale (374 %) tandis que le Québec (40 %) et Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador (32 %) étaient de façon notable sous cette moyenne. Aucun patient vivant dans les trois territoires canadiens n’a bénéficié de la SCP. De plus, aucune différence importante n’a émergé en ce qui concerne l’accès à la SCP et le fait de vivre dans une région rurale ou en milieu urbain ou encore dans des régions où l’on observe différents statuts socio-économiques. Conclusions : Il s’agit là de la première étude ayant quantifié, dans un pays entier, tous les patients bénéficiant de la SCP. Au Canada, le taux actuel de chirurgie par neuro-modulation est d’environ 10 interventions pour chaque million d’habitants, et ce, au cours d’une année. Des divergences notables sur le plan statistique entre les régions du pays ont néanmoins été notées et abordées.

L’étude CanADA: une évaluation de l’accès à la stimulation cérébrale profonde. Contexte : La Loi canadienne sur la santé exige un accès raisonnable à tous les traitements considérés nécessaire sur le plan médical. Cela dit, aucune information ne permet d’évaluer l’accès actuel à la neuro-modulation dans tout le pays. Cette étude vise donc à quantifier le taux actuel de traitements de stimulation cérébrale profonde (SCP) pour l’ensemble du Canada. Nous avons ainsi procédé à une série d’analyses afin de déterminer s’il existait des différences en termes d’accès à la SCP en fonction des variables suivantes : la province ou le territoire d’origine ; le fait de vivre dans une région rurale ou non ; le statut socio-économique. Méthodes : Tous les appareils de SCP implantés au Canada au cours d’une période de deux ans (de janvier 2015 à décembre 2016) ont été fournis soit par Boston Scientific ou par Medtronic. Ces entreprises ont ensuite fait parvenir aux chercheurs des données anonymisées, lesquelles incluaient l’âge des patients et la région correspondant à leur domicile. Des données tirées du recensement 2016 de Statistique Canada ont également été utilisées afin de déterminer le taux de chirurgie par neuro-modulation et dans quelle mesure l’accès à ce traitement était associé aux variables énumérées ci-dessus. Résultats : Au total, 722 patients ont été étudiés. Le taux annuel de SCP pour la totalité du pays était de 10 pour chaque million d’habitants. La Saskatchewan s’est révélée nettement au-dessus de la moyenne nationale (374 %) tandis que le Québec (40 %) et Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador (32 %) étaient de façon notable sous cette moyenne. Aucun patient vivant dans les trois territoires canadiens n’a bénéficié de la SCP. De plus, aucune différence importante n’a émergé en ce qui concerne l’accès à la SCP et le fait de vivre dans une région rurale ou en milieu urbain ou encore dans des régions où l’on observe différents statuts socio-économiques. Conclusions : Il s’agit là de la première étude ayant quantifié, dans un pays entier, tous les patients bénéficiant de la SCP. Au Canada, le taux actuel de chirurgie par neuro-modulation est d’environ 10 interventions pour chaque million d’habitants, et ce, au cours d’une année. Des divergences notables sur le plan statistique entre les régions du pays ont néanmoins été notées et abordées.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A patient with GN and additional symptoms compatible with HeLPS is presented. The patient reported left-sided, intermittent, swallow-induced, severe electrical pain radiating from her ear to her throat (GN). She also reported intermittent severe coughing, throat contractions causing a sense of suffocation, and dysphonia (HeLPS). All her symptoms resolved following a left microvascular decompression of a loop of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery that was pulsating against both the IXth and Xth cranial nerves. A review of the senior author's database revealed another patient with this combination of symptoms. An international literature review found 27 patients have been previously described with symptoms of GN and the additional (but not recognized at the time) symptoms of HeLPS.

The American labor movement seemed poised on the threshold of unparalleled success at the beginning of the post-World War II era. Fourteen million strong in 1946, unions represented thirty five percent of non-agricultural workers. Why then did the gains made between the 1930s and the end of the war produce so few results by the 1960s? This collection addresses the history of labor in the postwar years by exploring the impact of the global contest between the United States and the Soviet Union on American workers and labor unions. The essays focus on the actual behavior of Americans in their diverse workplaces and communities during the Cold War. Where previous scholarship on labor and the Cold War has overemphasized the importance of the Communist Party, the automobile industry, and Hollywood, this book focuses on politically moderate, conservative workers and union leaders, the medium-sized cities that housed the majority of the population, and the Roman Catholic Church. These are all original essays that draw upon extensive archival research and some upon oral history sources.

Human brain mapping relies heavily on fMRI, ECoG and EEG, which capture different physiological signals. Relationships between these signals have been established in the context of specific tasks or during resting state, often using spatially confined concurrent recordings in animals. But it is not certain whether these correlations generalize to other contexts relevant for human cognitive neuroscience. Here, we address the case of complex naturalistic stimuli and ask two basic questions. First, how reliable are the responses evoked by a naturalistic audio-visual stimulus in each of these imaging methods, and second, how similar are stimulus-related responses across methods? To this end, we investigated a wide range of brain regions and frequency bands. We presented the same movie clip twice to three different cohorts of subjects (NEEG = 45, NfMRI = 11, NECoG = 5) and assessed stimulus-driven correlations across viewings and between imaging methods, thereby ruling out task-irrelevant confounds. All three imaging methods had similar repeat-reliability across viewings when fMRI and EEG data were averaged across subjects, highlighting the potential to achieve large signal-to-noise ratio by leveraging large sample sizes. The fMRI signal correlated positively with high-frequency ECoG power across multiple task-related cortical structures but positively with low-frequency EEG and ECoG power. In contrast to previous studies, these correlations were as strong for low-frequency as for high frequency ECoG. We also observed links between fMRI and infra-slow EEG voltage fluctuations. These results extend previous findings to the case of natural stimulus processing. •We mapped brain responses to a movie stimulus within and across fMRI, ECoG and EEG.•Grand-average fMRI and EEG had similar repeat-reliability as single-subject ECoG.•fMRI correlated positively with high-frequency ECoG power.•fMRI correlated negatively with low-frequency ECoG and EEG power.•We also observed links between fMRI and infra-slow EEG voltage fluctuations.

Myrtle rust is a very damaging disease, caused by the fungus Austropuccinia psidii, which has recently arrived in New Zealand and threatens the iconic tree species pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa). Canopy-level hyperspectral and thermal images were taken repeatedly within a controlled environment, from 49 inoculated (MR treatment) and 26 uninoculated (control treatment) pōhutukawa plants. Measurements were taken prior to inoculation and six times post-inoculation over a 14-day period. Using indices extracted from these data, the objectives were to (i) identify the key thermal and narrow-band hyperspectral indices (NBHIs) associated with the pre-visual and early expression of myrtle rust and (ii) develop a classification model to detect the disease. The number of symptomatic plants increased rapidly from three plants at 3 days after inoculation (DAI) to all 49 MR plants at 8 DAI. NBHIs were most effective for pre-visual and early disease detection from 3 to 6 DAI, while thermal indices were more effective for detection of disease following symptom expression from 7 to 14 DAI. Using results compiled from an independent test dataset, model performance using the best thermal indices and NBHIs was excellent from 3 DAI to 6 DAI (F1 score 0.81–0.85; accuracy 73–80%) and outstanding from 7 to 14 DAI (F1 score 0.92–0.93; accuracy 89–91%).

The biological basis of the increased risk for psychiatric disorders seen in 15q11.2 copy number deletion is unknown. Previous work has shown disturbances in white matter tracts in human carriers of the deletion. Here, in a novel rat model, we recapitulated low dosage of the candidate risk gene CYFIP1 present within the 15q11.2 interval. Using diffusion tensor imaging, we first showed extensive white matter changes in Cyfip1 mutant rats, which were most pronounced in the corpus callosum and external capsule. Transmission electron microscopy showed that these changes were associated with thinning of the myelin sheath in the corpus callosum. Myelin thinning was independent of changes in axon number or diameter but was associated with effects on mature oligodendrocytes, including aberrant intracellular distribution of myelin basic protein. Finally, we demonstrated effects on cognitive phenotypes sensitive to both disruptions in myelin and callosal circuitry. People with a genetic deletion of the 15q11.2 locus are at increased risk for psychiatric disorders and white matter disturbances, but the gene(s) responsible are unclear. Here, the authors show that low dosage of CYFIP1, present in the human 15q11.2 region, alters white matter structure and cognition in rats.