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"Hong, Jun"
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Advances in mesenchymal stem cell exosomes: a review
Stem cells can be used for regenerative medicine and as treatments for disease. The application of tissue engineering-related transplantation, stem cells, and local changes in the microenvironment is expected to solve major medical problems. Currently, most studies focus on tissue repair and regeneration, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are among the most common research topics. MSCs are applicable as seed cells, and they represent one of the current hot topics in regenerative medicine research. However, due to storage limitations and because cell senescence occurs during in vitro expansion, their clinical application is challenging. Exosomes, which are secreted by MSCs through paracrine signalling, not only have the same effects as MSCs, but they also have the advantages of targeted delivery, low immunogenicity, and high repairability. This article reviews the acquisition methods, characteristics, biological functions, and clinical applications of exosomes.
Journal Article
ثراء شينجيانغ
يعتبر ظهور الأدوات البرونزية قفزة مهمة في تاريخ الحضارة الإنسانية. وعلي الرغم من أن العصر البرونزي في الصين لم يكن الأول في تاريخ البشرية، ولكن الأدوات البرونزية في الصين القديمة قد احتلت مكانة فريدة في تاريخ الحضارة العالمية اعتمادا علي أنواعها المتنوعة وأنماطها الغنية وعملية السبك الدقيقة والدلالة التاريخية والثقافية العميقة التي يحملها كل عمل برونزي في الصين القديمة. وهذا الكتاب الذي بين يدي القارئ الكريم يعرفن بلغة واضحة وحية وبالشرح والصور على أحد اوجه الثقافة والفنون الصينية الشهيرة والتي هي ثقافة البرونز الرائعة في الصين القديمة ، فمن خلال قطعة من القطع البرونزية الثمينة يمكننا أن نستمع إلي صوت العصر البرونزي من أماكن بعيدة وتجربة أسلوب فريد من نوعه في ذلك العصر الذي مازالت أسراره بعيدة عن متناول القارئ العربي والتي نحاول من خلال هذا الكتاب أن نقدمها بشكل موجز وواضح لننقل للقارئ الكريم وجها جديدا عليه من أوجه الحضارة الصينية المتميزة.
Book
Spin-polarized oxygen evolution reaction under magnetic field
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the bottleneck that limits the energy efficiency of water-splitting. The process involves four electrons’ transfer and the generation of triplet state O
2
from singlet state species (OH
-
or H
2
O). Recently, explicit spin selection was described as a possible way to promote OER in alkaline conditions, but the specific spin-polarized kinetics remains unclear. Here, we report that by using ferromagnetic ordered catalysts as the spin polarizer for spin selection under a constant magnetic field, the OER can be enhanced. However, it does not applicable to non-ferromagnetic catalysts. We found that the spin polarization occurs at the first electron transfer step in OER, where coherent spin exchange happens between the ferromagnetic catalyst and the adsorbed oxygen species with fast kinetics, under the principle of spin angular momentum conservation. In the next three electron transfer steps, as the adsorbed O species adopt fixed spin direction, the OER electrons need to follow the Hund rule and Pauling exclusion principle, thus to carry out spin polarization spontaneously and finally lead to the generation of triplet state O
2
. Here, we showcase spin-polarized kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction, which gives references in the understanding and design of spin-dependent catalysts.
Here, authors demonstrate the ferromagnetic catalyst to facilitate spin polarization in water oxidation reaction. They find the ferromagnetic-exchange-like behaviour between the ferromagnetic catalyst and the adsorbed oxygen species.
Journal Article
Evidence for Majorana bound states in an iron-based superconductor
The surface of the iron-based superconductor FeTe 0.55 Se 0.45 has been identified as a potential topological superconductor and is expected to host exotic quasiparticles called the Majorana bound states (MBSs). Wang et al. looked for signatures of MBSs in this material by using scanning tunneling spectroscopy on the vortex cores formed by the application of a magnetic field. In addition to conventional states, they observed the characteristic zero-bias peaks associated with MBSs and were able to distinguish between the two, owing to the favorable ratios of energy scales in the system. Science , this issue p. 333 Scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals signatures of Majorana bound states on the surface of FeTe 1− x Se x . The search for Majorana bound states (MBSs) has been fueled by the prospect of using their non-Abelian statistics for robust quantum computation. Two-dimensional superconducting topological materials have been predicted to host MBSs as zero-energy modes in vortex cores. By using scanning tunneling spectroscopy on the superconducting Dirac surface state of the iron-based superconductor FeTe 0.55 Se 0.45 , we observed a sharp zero-bias peak inside a vortex core that does not split when moving away from the vortex center. The evolution of the peak under varying magnetic field, temperature, and tunneling barrier is consistent with the tunneling to a nearly pure MBS, separated from nontopological bound states. This observation offers a potential platform for realizing and manipulating MBSs at a relatively high temperature.
Journal Article
Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells repair a Parkinson’s disease model by inducing autophagy
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative condition that leads to motor and cognitive dysfunction. At present, clinical treatment can only improve symptoms, but cannot effectively protect dopaminergic neurons. Several reports have demonstrated that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) afford neuroprotection, while their application is limited because of their uncontrollable differentiation and other reasons. Stem cells communicate with cells through secreted exosomes (Exos), the present study aimed to explore whether Exos secreted by hucMSCs could function instead of hucMSCs. hucMSCs were successfully isolated and characterized, and shown to contribute to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-stimulated SH-SY5Y cell proliferation; hucMSC-derived Exos were also involved in this process. The Exos were purified and identified, and then labeled with PKH 26, it was found that the Exos could be efficiently taken up by SH-SY5Y cells after 12 h of incubation. Pretreatment with Exos promoted 6-OHDA-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells to proliferate and inhibited apoptosis by inducing autophagy. Furthermore, Exos reached the substantia nigra through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, relieved apomorphine-induced asymmetric rotation, reduced substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron loss and apoptosis, and upregulated the level of dopamine in the striatum. These results demonstrate that hucMSCs-Exos have a treatment capability for PD and can traverse the BBB, indicating their potential for the effective treatment of PD.
Journal Article
الضمان الاجتماعي في الصين
يتناول هذا الكتاب \"الضمان الاجتماعي في الصين\" عددا من المحاور الأساسية حول الضمان الاجتماعي في الصين بشكل عام منها اتخاذ الضمان الاجتماعي هدفا منهجيا بالمجتمع الصيني والتحول في سوق التوظيف من تأمين العاطلين عن العمل إلى التأمين ضد البطالة وكذلك التوظيف والضمان في إطار الاقتصاد المخطط والإنشاء الأولي لاقتصاد السوق الاشتراكي ونظام الضمان الاجتماعي في فترة التسعينيات.
BOOK
Biofilm-associated infection by enterococci
Enterococci are ubiquitous members of the human gut microbiota and frequent causes of biofilm-associated opportunistic infections. Enterococci cause 25% of all catheter-associated urinary tract infections, are frequently isolated in wounds and are increasingly found in infective endocarditis, and all of these infections are associated with biofilms. Enterococcal biofilms are intrinsically tolerant to antimicrobials and thus are a serious impediment for treating infections. In this Review, we describe the spatiotemporal development of enterococcal biofilms and the factors that promote or inhibit biofilm formation. We discuss how the environment, including the host and other co-colonizing microorganisms, affects biofilm development. Finally, we provide an overview of current and future interventions to limit enterococcal biofilm-associated infections. Overall, enterococcal biofilms remain a pressing clinical problem, and there is an urgent need to better understand their development and persistence and to identify novel treatments.
Journal Article