Explore the vast range of titles available.

During the last decade, -genotyping has been extensively investigated in fruit tree crops such as those belonging to the genus, including plums. In plums, -allele typing has been largely studied in diploid species but works are scarcer in polyploid species due to the complexity of the polyploid genome. This study was conducted in order to analyze the -genotypes of 30 diploid , 17 of them reported here for the first time, and 29 hexaploid plums (24 of and 5 of ). PCR analysis allowed identifying nine -alleles in the samples allocating the 30 accessions in 16 incompatibility groups, two of them identified here for the first time. In addition, pollen tube growth was studied in self-pollinated flowers of 17 Tunisian under the microscope. In 16 samples, including one carrying the Se allele, which has been correlated with self-compatibility, the pollen tubes were arrested in the style. Only in one cultivar (\"Bedri\"), the pollen tubes reached the base of the style. Twelve -alleles were identified in the 24 and 5 accessions, assigning accessions in 16 -genotypes. -genotyping results were combined with nine SSR loci to analyze genetic diversity. Results showed a close genetic relationship between and and between and corroborating that -locus genotyping is suitable for molecular fingerprinting in diploid and polyploid species.

Annona muricata is an important and widespread neotropical perennial fruit tree, that has received increasing attention in recent years for its pharmaceutical potential, particularly for the presence of metabolites with reported anti-tumoral properties. In this study, 191 samples of this species were collected from homegardens across four states of southern Mexico. and analyzed using a dual approach, including genetic and chemical analyses. The local genetic diversity and population structure was determined through the analysis of 10 microsatellite loci- The metabolic content of flavonoids and polyphenols was analyzed at ten localities. Genetic diversity was found to be low to moderate in all populations with values of expected heterozygosity ( H e ) ranging from 0.28 to 0.52. Our research indicated the presence of three distinct genetic groups, which did not appear to be associated with geographical origin. Variations in the chemical content of flavonoids and polyphenols were observed among the different locations examined, with flavonoid values ranging between 73.48 and 592.70 mg RE/gE and polyphenol values ranging from 13.10 to 126.59 mg GAE/gE. Accessions from Champoton and Emiliano Zapata demonstrated the highest flavonoid content, while Palenque, Champoton and Centro presented the highest polyphenol content. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis revealed a correlation between genetic profiles, chemical profiles and the influence of human activity in the populations examined. This analysis revealed significant genetic differences between these populations, suggesting that they are associated with different levels of chemical contents. Remarkably, highly disturbed sites appeared to correlate with a considerable increase in chemical content.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321846.].

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) (2n = 40) is a member of the Anacardiaceae family, which was domesticated at least 4000 years ago in Asia. Mangoes are delicious fruits with great nutritional value. They are one of the major fruit crops worldwide, cultivated in more than 100 countries, with a production of more than 40 million tons. Recently the genome sequences of several mango varieties have been released, but there are no bioinformatics platforms dedicated to mango genomics and breeding to host mango omics data. Here, we present MangoBase, a web portal dedicated to mango genomics, which provides multiple interactive bioinformatics tools, sequences, and annotations to analyze, visualize, and download omics data related to mango. Additionally, MangoBase includes a gene expression atlas with 12 datasets and 80 experiments representing some of the most significant mango RNA-seq experiments published to this date. These experiments study mango fruit ripening in several cultivars with different pulp firmness and sweetness or peel coloration, and other experiments also study hot water postharvest treatment, infection with C. gloeosporioides, and the main mango tree organ tissues.

Most flowering plants show porogamy in which the pollen tubes reach the egg apparatus through the micropyle. However, several species show chalazogamy, an unusual pollen tube growth, in which the pollen tubes reach the embryo sac through the chalaza. While ovary signals for pollen tube growth and guidance have been extensively studied in porogamous species, few studies have addressed the process in chalazogamous species such as mango ( Mangifera indica L.), one of the five most important fruit crops worldwide in terms of production. In this study, we characterize pollen–pistil interaction in mango, paying special attention to three key players known to be involved in the directional pollen tube growth of porogamous species such as starch, arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Starch grains were observed in the style and in the ponticulus at anthesis, but their number decreased 1 day after anthesis. AGPs, revealed by JIM8 and JIM13 antibodies, were homogenously observed in the style and ovary, but were more conspicuous in the nucellus around the egg apparatus. GABA, revealed by anti-GABA antibodies, was specifically observed in the transmitting tissue, including the ponticulus. Moreover, GABA was shown to stimulate in vitro mango pollen tube elongation. The results support the heterotrophic growth of mango pollen tubes in the style at the expense of starch, similarly to the observations in porogamous species. However, unlike porogamous species, the micropyle of mango does not show high levels of GABA and starch, although they were observed in the ponticulus and could play a role in supporting the unusual pollen tube growth in chalazogamous species.

Avocado is an evergreen tree that exhibits protogynous dichogamy and displays a massive flower production, characterized by a high abscission of unfertilized flowers and developing fruitlets, ultimately leading to a low final fruit set. A common practice to improve avocado pollination involves introducing honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) hives during the flowering season. To evaluate the extent of inadequate pollination in avocado, the effect of different beehive densities on the percentage of flowers receiving pollen during the female flower stage was examined for seven years in an experimental orchard located in Southern Spain. A total of 17,288 flowers were observed under the microscope for this purpose. Additionally, pollen deposition was evaluated in five “Hass” avocado commercial orchards under different management strategies situated in the Malaga province (3960 flowers). The results obtained reveal that the percentage of flowers with pollen at the end of the female stage ranged from 2.85 (0.13% fruits retained at the end of June) in orchards without honey bee hives to 4.34 (0.11% fruits retained) in orchards in which 10 beehives per ha were placed. This percentage increased significantly to 13.79 after introducing 24 honey beehives per ha (0.21% fruits retained). Furthermore, the percentage of pollinated flowers in the commercial orchards remained below 15% even in those orchards in which pollen donors and honey bee hives were present. Thus, insufficient pollination could be considered as a primary limiting factor in avocado production under Mediterranean climates. Enhancing pollinator diversity and increasing their numbers could be a viable strategy to improve the percentage of avocado flowers receiving pollen during the female stage.

Societal Impact Statement Cherimoya has been an important food source since Pre‐Columbian times in the Americas. Although it is currently considered an underutilized fruit crop, it is still important at the local level in several regions of Central and South America, and has a clear niche for expansion in regions with subtropical climates. However, the availability of genomic resources to facilitate breeding programs and improve the understanding of Annonaceae genetic diversity is limited. In this work, we provide an important resource to fill this knowledge gap, with the hope that it will ultimately increase this crop's resilience under different climate change scenarios, which will increase food security in regions with subtropical climates. Summary Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) is a perennial fruit tree crop native to the Neotropics valued since pre‐Columbian times by different native American civilizations. It belongs to the Annonaceae, the largest family of the Magnoliid clade, sister to the eudicot and monocot clades of angiosperms. Despite its excellent organoleptic and nutritive qualities, this crop remains underutilized, although it has a clear niche for expansion in regions with subtropical climates. To date, no previous significant genomic information is available for this species, which would be a key tool to optimize breeding programs and advance in the study and conservation of its extant genetic diversity. A combination of different sequencing technologies (Illumina, Pacific Biosciences) has been implemented in order to assemble a chromosome‐level reference genome of A. cherimola. The final reference genome resulted in an assembly of 1.13 Gb and N50 of 170.86 Mb, anchored into seven pseudomolecules and with a completeness of 95.6%. A total of 41,413 protein‐coding genes were identified, many of which were related to secondary metabolism, defense mechanisms, stress response, and development. The results of this study provide novel significant genomic resources not only for cherimoya and other species of the Annonaceae but also for understanding the evolution of the earlier divergent angiosperms. Alternative language Societal Impact Statements El chirimoyo ha sido muy apreciado como alimento desde tiempos precolombinos por diferentes culturas de las Américas. Es actualmente considerado un cultivo infrautilizado, aunque es importante a nivel local en diferentes países de Centro y Sudamérica, y tiene un claro nicho de expansión en regiones subtropicales. Sin embargo, la disponibilidad de recursos genómicos para facilitar los programas de mejora e incrementar el conocimiento de la diversidad genética de las Annonaceae es limitada. En este trabajo proporcionamos un importante recurso con el fin de reducir esta brecha, con la esperanza de que en última instancia permita una mejor adaptación de este cultivo a los desafíos planteados por el cambio climático y, por tanto, facilite la seguridad alimentaria en regiones subtropicales. Cherimoya has been an important food source since Pre‐Columbian times in the Americas. Although it is currently considered an underutilized fruit crop, it is still important at the local level in several regions of Central and South America, and has a clear niche for expansion in regions with subtropical climates. However, the availability of genomic resources to facilitate breeding programs and improve the understanding of Annonaceae genetic diversity is limited. In this work, we provide an important resource to fill this knowledge gap, with the hope that it will ultimately increase this crop's resilience under different climate change scenarios, which will increase food security in regions with subtropical climates.

Avocado consumption and trade are increasing worldwide, with North America and Europe being the main importing regions. Spain is the major European avocado producer (90% of the production), yet it only supplies 10% of the market. Consequently, more than 90% of the avocados consumed in Europe are imported from overseas, mainly from Chile and Peru. In this work, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) impact associated with the transport of two avocado supply chains (short (Spanish) and long (Chilean)) and the effect of the fruit origin and distance of both chains on primary and secondary metabolites from harvest to edible ripeness were evaluated using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (LC-DAD) based metabolite analysis. The LCA transport impact of the fresh supply chain from production centers in Chile (Quillota) and Spain (Malaga), and then the distribution to several cities in Europe, suggested road export from Spain to European capitals to have the lowest impact (0.14 to 0.22 kg CO2 eq/kg of avocado). When export from Chile was considered, the option of oceanic freight to European ports closer to final destinations was clearly a better option (0.21 to 0.26 kg CO2 eq/kg) than via the Algeciras port in Spain followed by road transport to final destinations in European capitals (0.34 to 0.43 kg CO2 eq/kg), although the situation could be somewhat different if the avocados are transported from the destination ports in northern Europe to long-distance capitals in other European countries. Fruit origin had a significant impact on avocado primary and secondary metabolites. The conditions of the supply chain itself (10 d in cold storage in regular conditions vs. 30 d cold storage + controlled atmosphere conditions) largely influence the fate of some metabolites that certainly affect the pool of metabolites at edible ripeness. The long-assumed hypothesis that the longer the supply chain the more negative impact on nutritional and functional compounds might not hold in this case, as long as transport conditions are adequate in terms of temperature, atmosphere conditions, and time considering distance from origin to destination.

Fruits of the cherimoya tree (Annona cherimola Mill.) were consumed by native cultures in Central America, from where the crop was disseminated to South America in pre-Columbian times. Despite its historical significance and cultivation in subtropical regions worldwide, cherimoya remains an underutilized crop, particularly in its area of origin where the conservation of its genetic diversity is under threat. In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of the research performed on this fruit tree over the past two decades, shedding light on its current status in terms of commercial production and germplasm conservation efforts in the main cherimoya producing countries in the Americas and Europe.