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This case study examines how teachers preserve and foster the funds of knowledge students bring to school in the Palenque community. Data were collected using the funds of knowledge Matrix instrument, open-ended questions, interviews, and participant observation. An analysis of data was done using a domain analysis process, a category of cultural meanings. The findings included the creation of three new categories: ethnobotany, Kuagros, and Kulum. The study identified teachers' educational practices that fit the culturally relevant/responsive profile. These involve rethinking curriculum, instruction, what funds of knowledge are and a more ethnographic approach to education.  

PurposeAfter cardiac surgery, fluid bolus therapy (FBT) with 20% human albumin may facilitate less fluid and vasopressor administration than FBT with crystalloids. We aimed to determine whether, after cardiac surgery, FBT with 20% albumin reduces the duration of vasopressor therapy compared with crystalloid FBT.MethodsWe conducted a multicentre, parallel-group, open-label, randomised clinical trial in six intensive care units (ICUs) involving cardiac surgery patients deemed to require FBT. We randomised 240 patients to receive up to 400 mL of 20% albumin/day as FBT, followed by 4% albumin for any subsequent FBT on that day, or to crystalloid FBT for at least the first 1000 mL, with use of crystalloid or 4% albumin FBT thereafter. The primary outcome was the cumulative duration of vasopressor therapy. Secondary outcomes included fluid balance.ResultsOf 480 randomised patients, 466 provided consent and contributed to the primary outcome (mean age 65 years; median EuroSCORE II 1.4). The cumulative median duration of vasopressor therapy was 7 (interquartile range [IQR] 0–19.6) hours with 20% albumin and 10.8 (IQR 0–22.8) hours with crystalloids (difference − 3.8 h, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 8 to 0.4; P = 0.08). Day one fluid balance was less with 20% albumin FBT (mean difference − 701 mL, 95% CI − 872 to − 530).ConclusionsIn patients after cardiac surgery, when compared to a crystalloid-based FBT, 20% albumin FBT was associated with a reduced positive fluid balance but did not significantly reduce the duration of vasopressor therapy.

Recent data have shown that up to 65% of students in Grades 4 and 8 are reading below grade level. The problem addressed in this study was that students with a high dialect density have a more difficult time with mastery of foundational skills in reading, leading to unfortunate reading mastery outcomes as they progress through school. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to gather perceptions of rural Northeastern North Carolina educators on how to overcome barriers to meet the needs of students with high dialect density. The intersection of two theories will be used as the framework for this study. The first theory is Bandura et al.’s (1961) social cognitive theory, which focuses on understanding how the environment shapes people and how people continuously shape their environment. The second theory is Vygotsky’s (1978) sociocultural theory, which states the cultural and societal influence a child is born into will shape that child's cognitive development (Vygotsky, 1978). A qualitative case study design was chosen. Qualitative case studies involve gathering and studying non-numerical information such as audio, text, or video files to grasp and understand theories, beliefs, or practices. It can be used to collect in-extensive awareness of a problem or create new proposals for investigation. Study participants included 19 K-2 teachers, speech/language pathologists, exceptional education teachers, and administrators providing direct support to students in learning how to read. Three research questions were identified for this study. Research Question 1 addressed educational stakeholders’ experiences working with students with high-density dialects. Research Question 2 addressed how educational stakeholders perceive high dialect density to play a role in how students learn to read. Research Question 3 addressed strategies that can be used to overcome barriers to mastery of reading based on high dialect density. Data gathering was done via an open-ended questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was employed to find themes, codes, and categories. Seven themes emerged from data analysis. Themes highlighted the overall need for all stakeholders, parents, teachers, and students to work together to help our children with a high dialect density be proficient readers. Implications of the findings include the need for access to necessary resources for both teachers and families, for school districts to encourage and promote a high level of parent involvement in their child’s education, for school districts to strengthen the collaboration between the teachers and the speech and language pathologists and putting more emphasis on the reading instruction within the classroom. The effectiveness of the core curriculum in cooperation with the MTSS tier 2 framework and specific strategies and supports could be the focus of future research.

The American Public Health Association (APHA) is committed to its members and wishes through \"e-learning\" to make continuing education more accessible to the learner, to increase retention through active involvement, and to motivate students to learn on their own.

Using Kailua as a case study, this thesis examines social change by exploring how underlying place relations are impacted by community conflict stemming from a rapidly expanding tourism industry. Ten semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with residents who were recruited from Kailua Neighborhood Board (KNB) meetings in order to illuminate perceptions regarding Kailua’s ‘sense of place’, issues facing the community, as well as how these issues have impacted Kailua’s ‘sense of place’. Interviews were supplemented with field notes taken from participant observation of monthly KNB meetings and were analyzed inductively using grounded theory methodology. Findings suggested that underlying place relations not only largely affect resident perceptions of tourism, but also undergo changes in the face of community conflict since meaningful places are socially constructed.

Soil organic matter is a large global carbon pool. Isotopic labelling of litter in the lab and the field reveals that soil organic matter forms from labile organic compounds and litter fragments early and late in decomposition, respectively. Soil organic matter is the largest terrestrial carbon pool 1 . The pool size depends on the balance between formation of soil organic matter from decomposition of plant litter and its mineralization to inorganic carbon. Knowledge of soil organic matter formation remains limited 2 and current C numerical models assume that stable soil organic matter is formed primarily from recalcitrant plant litter 3 . However, labile components of plant litter could also form mineral-stabilized soil organic matter 4 . Here we followed the decomposition of isotopically labelled above-ground litter and its incorporation into soil organic matter over three years in a grassland in Kansas, USA, and used laboratory incubations to determine the decay rates and pool structure of litter-derived organic matter. Early in decomposition, soil organic matter formed when non-structural compounds were lost from litter. Soil organic matter also formed at the end of decomposition, when both non-structural and structural compounds were lost at similar rates. We conclude that two pathways yield soil organic matter efficiently. A dissolved organic matter–microbial path occurs early in decomposition when litter loses mostly non-structural compounds, which are incorporated into microbial biomass at high rates, resulting in efficient soil organic matter formation. An equally efficient physical-transfer path occurs when litter fragments move into soil.

Maternal undernutrition contributes to 800 000 neonatal deaths annually through small for gestational age births; stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies are estimated to underlie nearly 3·1 million child deaths annually. Progress has been made with many interventions implemented at scale and the evidence for effectiveness of nutrition interventions and delivery strategies has grown since The Lancet Series on Maternal and Child Undernutrition in 2008. We did a comprehensive update of interventions to address undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in women and children and used standard methods to assess emerging new evidence for delivery platforms. We modelled the effect on lives saved and cost of these interventions in the 34 countries that have 90% of the world’s children with stunted growth. We also examined the effect of various delivery platforms and delivery options using community health workers to engage poor populations and promote behaviour change, access and uptake of interventions. Our analysis suggests the current total of deaths in children younger than 5 years can be reduced by 15% if populations can access ten evidence-based nutrition interventions at 90% coverage. Additionally, access to and uptake of iodised salt can alleviate iodine deficiency and improve health outcomes. Accelerated gains are possible and about a fifth of the existing burden of stunting can be averted using these approaches, if access is improved in this way. The estimated total additional annual cost involved for scaling up access to these ten direct nutrition interventions in the 34 focus countries is Int$9·6 billion per year. Continued investments in nutrition-specific interventions to avert maternal and child undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies through community engagement and delivery strategies that can reach poor segments of the population at greatest risk can make a great difference. If this improved access is linked to nutrition-sensitive approaches—ie, women’s empowerment, agriculture, food systems, education, employment, social protection, and safety nets—they can greatly accelerate progress in countries with the highest burden of maternal and child undernutrition and mortality.

The immunopathological mechanisms driving the development of severe COVID-19 remain poorly defined. Here, we utilize a rhesus macaque model of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection to delineate perturbations in the innate immune system. SARS-CoV-2 initiates a rapid infiltration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells into the lower airway, commensurate with IFNA production, natural killer cell activation, and a significant increase of blood CD14 - CD16 + monocytes. To dissect the contribution of lung myeloid subsets to airway inflammation, we generate a longitudinal scRNA-Seq dataset of airway cells, and map these subsets to corresponding populations in the human lung. SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits a rapid recruitment of two macrophage subsets: CD163 + MRC1 - , and TREM2 + populations that are the predominant source of inflammatory cytokines. Treatment with baricitinib (Olumiant®), a JAK1/2 inhibitor is effective in eliminating the influx of non-alveolar macrophages, with a reduction of inflammatory cytokines. This study delineates the major lung macrophage subsets driving airway inflammation during SARS-CoV-2 infection. ‘The induction and coordination of immune cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical in the immunopathology of COVID-19. Here the authors use a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and show key populations of macrophage drive the inflammatory cytokine production in the alveolar space’.

Young women’s breast cancer (YWBC) has poor prognosis and known interactions with parity. Women diagnosed within 5–10 years of childbirth, defined as postpartum breast cancer (PPBC), have poorer prognosis compared to age, stage, and biologic subtype-matched nulliparous patients. Genomic differences that explain this poor prognosis remain unknown. In this study, using RNA expression data from clinically matched estrogen receptor positive (ER+) cases ( n  = 16), we observe that ER+ YWBC can be differentiated based on a postpartum or nulliparous diagnosis. The gene expression signatures of PPBC are consistent with increased cell cycle, T-cell activation and reduced estrogen receptor and TP53 signaling. When applied to a large YWBC cohort, these signatures for ER+ PPBC associate with significantly reduced 15-year survival rates in high compared to low expressing cases. Cumulatively these results provide evidence that PPBC is a unique entity within YWBC with poor prognostic phenotypes. The molecular differences between postpartum (PPBC) and nulliparous (NPBC) young women breast cancer (YWBC) patients remain unknown. Here the authors perform RNA sequencing and multiplex immunohistochemistry on an FFPE breast cancer cohort and suggest that PPBC is a unique entity within YWBC with poor prognosis.