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Background The aetiology of oral cancer is multifactorial, as various risk factors (genetics, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors) contribute to its development. Data in the literature suggest that people with periodontal disease have an increased risk of developing oral cancer, and the severity of periodontitis correlates with the appearance of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this study was to revise the non-genetic risk factors that may influence the development of OC, while focusing on the dental and periodontal status and OH. Methods Two hundred patients (hundred diagnosed with oral cancer and hundred without oral cancer) were enrolled in our case–control study, to evaluate the association between oral cancer and the presence and severity of periodontitis, while examining several risk factors that might be responsible for oral cancer formation. A questionnaire customised for oral cancer patients was used to obtain the socioeconomic and lifestyle risk factors that may influence the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The dental and periodontal status along with the level of oral hygiene was recorded quantitatively. The chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests and logistic regression were used for the statistical analysis. Results By considering both the case and the control groups, a significant correlation was found between the incidence of oral cancer and some socioeconomic factors and lifestyle habits, such as the sex, age, education and alcohol consumption of an individual. The mean value of the Silness-Löe plaque index was significantly higher in the case population. The number of completely edentulous patients was higher among the oral cancer population. The incidence of oral cancer was 57.1% in patients with periodontal disease. In comparison, the incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma was only 28.6% among the patients without periodontitis. Most of the oral cancer patients (72.1%) had stage 4 periodontitis. On the other hand, the vast majority of the control group (51.6%) had stage 2 periodontitis. Conclusion Periodontitis can be an individual risk factor for oral cancer development. Periodontally compromised individuals should be strictly monitored, especially those with severe periodontitis and coexisting lifestyle risk factors. Maintaining their periodontal health in at-risk patients can minimize cancer risks.

Non-destructive testing (NDT) for eggshell faults is highly important for the egg industry, as cracked eggs account for around 3% of total production. The most commonly used method at present, candling, is labor intensive, while computer vision systems are expensive and complicated. In this paper, we present a simple, yet efficient, novel method for eggshell crack detection by acoustic spectroscopy. Altogether, 693 sound recordings were evaluated by different classification methods. The results show a cross-validated 2.1% total classification error, with only 0.87% false positive rate, which is the crucial metric for fresh eggs. Adapting the developed method to an industrial setting may lead to a reliable, fast and cost-effective detection method.

A technikai lehetőségek fejlődése, az új generációk munkaerőpiacra lépése, illetve az elmúlt évek pandémiás kihívásai együttesen olyan közeget teremtettek, amelyek nélkülözhetetlenné tették, hogy a hagyományos oktatási megoldások mellett új szemléletű képzési módszerekkel próbáljuk meg biztosítani a pályára lépők számára a betanulást, illetve a már polgári nemzetbiztonsági pályán lévők számára a továbbképzési lehetőségeket. A hagyományos paradigma szerint a pályakör betöltéséhez szükséges ismereteket elméleti oktatással, előadásokkal, jegyzetekkel, vizsgákkal kell biztosítani, miközben szigorúan ellenőrizni kell a részvételt, a felkészülést és a számonkérés tisztaságát. Egy lépést jelent előre, de érdemi változást önmagában nem hoz, amikor ugyanezeket a megoldásokat elektronikus felületekre helyezik át. Az igazi áttörést az jelenti, amikor magukat a tanulókat, az ő igényeiket és sajátosságaikat sikerül fókuszba helyezni. Amikor a tanulásra szorítás helyett a tanulás lehetőségének felhasználóbarát megteremtése válik elsődlegessé. Az ismeretátadás helyett a kompetenciafejlesztés, a közlés helyett az interakció, a beszéd helyett a multimodális megtapasztalás, a kötelezés helyett a gamifikáció, az emlékezettesztelés helyett a gyakorlati alkalmazás, az oktatói hatalom helyett a partneri bevonás. A tanulmány az új képzési módszerekkel kapcsolatos gyakorlati tapasztalatainkat foglalja össze.

Currently, there is a growing demand for ready-to-eat, prepared, high-quality, preservative-free products. However, the shelf-life of these products is often so short that a relatively high percentage of these products cannot be sold and end up as food waste. In this study, pork loin with different marinades (paprika and herbs) was treated with different high hydrostatic pressures (0 MPa, 300 MPa, 450 MPa and 600 MPa) and a bioactive component (piperine) and then the quality of the meat was examined after 0, 4, 8, 12 and 14 days of cold storage. Changes were monitored using color, pH, texture and microbiological analyses. Both pressure, piperine enrichment, storage time and the interactions of different factors had a significant effect on the quality of the loin samples with different marinades. Due to the denaturation of myoglobin, meat slices were less red and lighter after HHP treatment. The addition of piperine reduced this lightness. The pH increased with increasing pressure and decreased with storage time. HHP treatment significantly increased meat hardness, with samples treated at 600 MPa being 19% harder than those treated at 450 MPa. Microbiological results indicated that HHP at 450 MPa and 600 MPa effectively reduced anaerobic total live plate counts, ensuring satisfactory sensory and microbiological quality throughout storage. Piperine fortification also resulted in a more favorable microbiological status during storage without any perceptible change in quality properties during storage. These findings underscore the effectiveness of HHP and piperine enrichment in enhancing the safety and quality of marinated meats.

Background Various surface treatment options have been adopted with the aim to improve osseointegration, reducing the overall treatment time. Implant stability of early loaded implants with different modified surfaces was compared in the present study. Methods Patients were selected from the Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology at Semmelweis University. Patients randomly received SA (alumina sandblasted and acid-etched), NH (bioabsorbable apatite nanocoating) or SLA (large-grit sandblasted and acid-etched) surface implants. Outcome measures were: implant success, implant stability, and periodontal parameters. The implant stability was measured at the time of implant placement (primary stability) and six weeks after (prothesis delivery, secondary stability). Osstell and Periotest were applied to take all the measurements. The primary and secondary stability were compared in the three study groups Finally the periimplant probing depth appearing after three months of loading was checked on 6 points around to the implant-supported prostheses. Shapiro–Wilk and Mann–Whitney tests were used for the comparison between the study groups. Results A total of 75 implants with different length and diameter were inserted into various positions. One implant failed spontaneously at the fourth week after implant placement. The survival rate was 98,7%. Comparing the primary and secondary stability values, the data were significantly improved in every groups. The difference was the highest in the NH group, however, this difference was not significant compared to the two other groups. Good periodontal parameters were experienced in all the tested implants, independently by the groups. Conclusions With the limitation of the present study, all the implants showed improved stability six weeks after implant placement. A trend of higher result was found for the NH group. Further studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm this preliminary results. Trial registration : Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN13181677; the date of registration: 04/03/2021. Retrospectively registered.

Tool support for automated fault localization in program debugging is limited because state-of-the-art algorithms often fail to provide efficient help to the user. They usually offer a ranked list of suspicious code elements, but the fault is not guaranteed to be found among the highest ranks. In Spectrum-Based Fault Localization (SBFL) – which uses code coverage information of test cases and their execution outcomes to calculate the ranks –, the developer has to investigate several locations before finding the faulty code element. Yet, all the knowledge she a priori has or acquires during this process is not reused by the SBFL tool. There are existing approaches in which the developer interacts with the SBFL algorithm by giving feedback on the elements of the prioritized list. We propose a new approach called iFL which extends interactive approaches by exploiting contextual knowledge of the user about the next item in the ranked list (e. g., a statement), with which larger code entities (e. g., a whole function) can be repositioned in their suspiciousness. We implemented a closely related algorithm proposed by Gong et al., called Talk. First, we evaluated iFL using simulated users, and compared the results to SBFL and Talk. Next, we introduced two types of imperfections in the simulation: user’s knowledge and confidence levels. On SIR and Defects4J, results showed notable improvements in fault localization efficiency, even with strong user imperfections. We then empirically evaluated the effectiveness of the approach with real users in two sets of experiments: a quantitative evaluation of the successfulness of using iFL, and a qualitative evaluation of practical uses of the approach with experienced developers in think-aloud sessions.

The existing plant trait databases’ applicability is limited for studies dealing with the flora and vegetation of the eastern and central part of Europe and for large-scale comparisons across regions, mostly because their geographical data coverage is limited and they incorporate records from several different sources, often from regions with markedly different climatic conditions. These problems motivated the compilation of a regional dataset for the flora of the Pannonian region (Eastern Central Europe). PADAPT, the Pannonian Dataset of Plant Traits relies on regional data sources and collates data on 54 traits and attributes of the plant species of the Pannonian region. The current version covers approximately 90% of the species of the region and consists of 126,337 records on 2745 taxa. By including species of the eastern part of Europe not covered by other databases, PADAPT can facilitate studying the flora and vegetation of the eastern part of the continent. Although data coverage is far from complete, PADAPT meets the longstanding need for a regional database of the Pannonian flora.

IntroductionInconsistency of sexual definitions may lead to misunderstandings when evaluating research data or delivering health education. Diverse sexual definitions are especially common with unidirectional genital contacts (only one participant is involved with their genitals). Our aim was to analyze sexual definitions of adolescents and the role of age, gender, previous sexual experience, anxiety, and body image as possible determinants of unidirectional intimate behavior definitions.MethodsPooled cross-sectional survey data of 9th-grade Hungarian students (n = 612, mean age = 16.1 years, range from 15 to 18 years) were used from the baseline assessment (conducted in 2019 and 2020) of the Balassagyarmat Health Education Program. Our questionnaire was based on the Sexual Definitions Survey. The associations of definition of manual and oral stimulation with gender, age, sexual experience, trait anxiety, and body image were further examined in a multilevel logistic regression model.ResultsThe rating of different sexual behaviors as sex showed a hierarchy from kissing (10.3%) to vaginal intercourse (98.5%). Manual and oral stimulation was claimed to be sex by 73.4% and 84.3% of students. Girls (OR = 0.40; CI = 0.25–0.62) and older participants (OR = 0.75; CI = 0.59–0.96) were less likely to consider manual stimulation as sex. Conversely, previous sexual experience, anxiety, and body image were not significant predictors.ConclusionsOur study is the first to investigate sexual definitions among non-English-speaking adolescents. It contributes to the understanding of ambiguity regarding the definitions of oral and manual stimulation in this specific age group.Policy implicationsAs adolescents are the primary focus of sexual education, policies should take into consideration the semantic differences in sexual definitions, as these may influence the participants’ interpretation of information and have an effect on their sexual behavior.

The increase in the speed of land-cover change experienced worldwide is becoming a growing concern. Major socio-economic transitions, such as the breakdown of socialism in Europe, may lead to particularly high rates of landscape transformations. In this paper we examined the loss of semi-natural grasslands in Hungary between 1987 and 1999. We studied the relationship between 9 potential driving forces and the fate of grasslands using logistic GLMs. Grassland loss was found to be very high (1.31 % per year), which is far higher than either before or after this period. The most influential predictors of grassland loss were environmental and landscape characteristics (soil type, area of remnant grassland patches), and the socio-economic context (distance to paved road, and nearest settlement, human population density). Several processes and relationships can only be understood from a historical perspective (e.g. large extent of afforestation, strong decrease of soil water table). Grassland loss during the study period emerged as a consequence of survival strategies of individual farmers seeking adaptation to the changing environmental and socio-economic conditions, and not urbanization and agricultural intensification which are the main underlying drivers for the ongoing landscape transformations in most parts of the developed world. Though globalization increasingly influences local land use decisions, reconstructing and modelling recent landscape changes cannot be done without a proper understanding of local history and culture. Our analysis shows the importance of large-area yet high resolution landscape change research, which may reveal unexpected patterns of land cover change, undetected at coarser scales.

Many software testing fields, like white-box testing, test case generation, test prioritization, and fault localization, depend on code coverage measurement. If used as an overall completeness measure, the minor inaccuracies of coverage data reported by a tool do not matter that much; however, in certain situations, they can lead to serious confusion. For example, a code element that is falsely reported as covered can introduce false confidence in the test. This work investigates code coverage measurement issues for the Java programming language. For Java, the prevalent approach to code coverage measurement is using bytecode instrumentation due to its various benefits over source code instrumentation. As we have experienced, bytecode instrumentation-based code coverage tools produce different results than source code instrumentation-based ones in terms of the reported items as covered. We report on an empirical study to compare the code coverage results provided by tools using the different instrumentation types for Java coverage measurement on the method level. In particular, we want to find out how much a bytecode instrumentation approach is inaccurate compared to a source code instrumentation method. The differences are systematically investigated both in quantitative (how much the outputs differ) and in qualitative terms (what the causes for the differences are). In addition, the impact on test prioritization and test suite reduction—a possible application of coverage measurement—is investigated in more detail as well.