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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a critical pathogen implicated in subclinical mastitis (SCM), a hidden threat to dairy productivity. This study investigated the prevalence, antibiotic resistance profiles, and virulence traits of MRSA from SCM-affected riverine buffaloes in Jamalpur, Bangladesh. A total of 344 milk samples were screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Modified Whiteside Test (MWST). Among the milk samples, 46.5% were positive for SCM by CMT. Culture, biochemical tests, and PCR confirmed 73 (21.2%) Staphylococcus spp., of which 30 (41.1%) were identified as S. aureus and 43 (58.9%) as non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). Among the 30 S. aureus -positive isolates, 10 (33.3%) were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), corresponding to a prevalence of 2.9% among the total milk samples. The MRSA isolates exhibited high multidrug resistance, especially to tetracycline (80%) and cefoxitin (80%), and commonly harbored resistance genes such as tetA (80%), aac(3)-iv (70%), and sul1 (50%). Virulence genes hla (66.7%) and sea (50%) were frequently detected, while icaA was found in 23.3% of MRSA. Notably, 60% of MRSA isolates were categorized as XDR based on international standard definitions, while 60% were biofilm producers with high MARI values up to 0.92, indicating severe resistance potential. These findings underscore a significant burden of MDR/XDR MRSA with virulence potential in buffalo SCM, posing serious risks to animal and public health.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) poses a significant threat to the global dairy industry, particularly in Bangladesh, where it remains a major constraint in buffalo dairy farming. The rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens complicates disease management, resulting reduced milk yield, increased veterinary expenses, compromised animal welfare and potential risk to public health. This study investigated the prevalence and resistance profiles of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species in raw buffalo milk from SCM cases in Bangladesh. A total of 1,540 quarter milk samples from 385 buffaloes were analyzed, revealing SCM prevalence rates of 67.9% (1046/1540; 95% CI: 65.6-70.3) at the quarter level and 80.8% (311/385; 95% CI: 76.5-84.6) at the animal level. Notable regional variations were observed, with Gowainghat showing the highest prevalence (88.1%; 141/160). This study did not identify any biologically plausible risk factors for the occurrence of SCM in buffalo. The Modified Whiteside Test and California Mastitis Test confirmed SCM, with culture and biochemical tests identifying 789 (51.2%) Staphylococcus spp. and 424 (27.5%) Streptococcus spp. isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis indicated that 72.7% (456/627) of Staphylococcus isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, while the predominant Streptococcus species included Streptococcus uberis (32.3%) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (14.9%). Resistance gene detection revealed a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs), particularly aac-3(iv) and tetA, across different buffalo quarters and habitats. Antibiogram profiling demonstrated high susceptibility to tetracycline (80.9; 83.1) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (87.4; 81.9), while significant resistance was noted against ampicillin (88.8; 87.1) and nalidixic acid (68.1; 62.1). MDR was observed in 76.4% (479/627) of Staphylococcus spp. and 67.3% (167/248) of Streptococcus spp. isolates, with 10.37% (65/627) and 10.48% (26/248) classified as possible XDR, respectively. These findings explored high antimicrobial resistance level among Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species in subclinical mastitis, highlighting the need for improved management practices and surveillance to mitigate public health risks posed by contaminated milk.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) poses a significant threat to the global dairy industry, particularly in Bangladesh, where it remains a major constraint in buffalo dairy farming. The rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens complicates disease management, resulting reduced milk yield, increased veterinary expenses, compromised animal welfare and potential risk to public health. This study investigated the prevalence and resistance profiles of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species in raw buffalo milk from SCM cases in Bangladesh. A total of 1,540 quarter milk samples from 385 buffaloes were analyzed, revealing SCM prevalence rates of 67.9% (1046/1540; 95% CI: 65.6–70.3) at the quarter level and 80.8% (311/385; 95% CI: 76.5–84.6) at the animal level. Notable regional variations were observed, with Gowainghat showing the highest prevalence (88.1%; 141/160). This study did not identify any biologically plausible risk factors for the occurrence of SCM in buffalo. The Modified Whiteside Test and California Mastitis Test confirmed SCM, with culture and biochemical tests identifying 789 (51.2%) Staphylococcus spp. and 424 (27.5%) Streptococcus spp. isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis indicated that 72.7% (456/627) of Staphylococcus isolates were Staphylococcus aureus , while the predominant Streptococcus species included Streptococcus uberis (32.3%) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (14.9%). Resistance gene detection revealed a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs), particularly aac-3(iv) and tetA, across different buffalo quarters and habitats. Antibiogram profiling demonstrated high susceptibility to tetracycline (80.9; 83.1) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (87.4; 81.9), while significant resistance was noted against ampicillin (88.8; 87.1) and nalidixic acid (68.1; 62.1). MDR was observed in 76.4% (479/627) of Staphylococcus spp. and 67.3% (167/248) of Streptococcus spp. isolates, with 10.37% (65/627) and 10.48% (26/248) classified as possible XDR, respectively. These findings explored high antimicrobial resistance level among Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species in subclinical mastitis, highlighting the need for improved management practices and surveillance to mitigate public health risks posed by contaminated milk.

Myocardial infarction is a leading cause of death and morbidity in individuals with cardiovascular diseases. Natural antioxidants, such as those found in green tea leaves, are beneficial in preventing these diseases. This study evaluated the protective effects of green tea leaves powder against isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Four groups of male Long Evans rats were used: Control, Control + green tea leaves powder, ISO, and ISO + green tea leaves powder. Organ and blood plasma samples were collected to measure oxidative stress biomarkers, biochemical parameters, and gene expressions. Furthermore, tissue sections were prepared and stained histologically. ISO-induced rats showed decreased cellular antioxidants (catalase activity and glutathione concentration) and elevated oxidative stress markers. Notable inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were observed in the heart and kidneys of ISO-induced rats. Supplementation with green tea leaves powder significantly restored catalase activity and glutathione concentration ( p  < 0.05) in plasma and tissues. It also considerably reduced lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and advanced oxidation protein products ( p  < 0.05) in ISO-administered rats. Furthermore, green tea leaves powder supplementation halted inflammatory gene expression ( p  < 0.05), restored antioxidant genes ( p  < 0.05) such as Nrf-2-HO-1, and prevented cardiac fibrosis in ISO-administered rats. Green tea leaves powder supplementation may reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in ISO-administered rats, potentially through the Nrf-2-HO-1-mediated restoration of antioxidant enzymes and prevention of heart inflammation.

This study aimed to characterize virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from cases of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in buffaloes. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1540 quarter milk samples collected from 385 buffaloes. Milk samples were screened using the California Mastitis Test and Modified Whiteside Test. Positive samples underwent bacterial culture, biochemical tests, biofilm detection and molecular analysis for pathogen identification and detection of virulence, resistance, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes. The prevalence of SCM was 67.9% (1046/1540) at the quarter level and 80.8% (311/385) at the animal level. E. coli was identified in 9.5% (146/1540) of the samples, while K. pneumoniae was detected in 9.09% (140/1540). Virulence genes, such as stx1 (27.4%), and resistance genes, including aac(3) -iv (77.4%) and tetA (76.7%), exhibited higher prevalence. Additionally, β -lactamase genes, notably bla TEM (67.1%), and ESBL genes, such as bla CTX-M1 , were detected. Biofilm formation was detected in 83.6% (122/146) of E. coli isolates and 75.7% (106/140) of K. pneumoniae isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed significant resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and aminoglycosides. MDR was observed in 31.5% of E. coli and 39.3% of K. pneumoniae isolates, with XDR rates of 8.9% and 12.9%, respectively. These findings underscore the alarming spread of resistant pathogens in SCM-affected buffaloes, emphasizing the urgent need for ongoing surveillance and targeted intervention strategies.

In this investigation, the significance of purple potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) extract treatment was assessed against oxidative stress and fat metabolizing transcription factors in the liver of high-fat (HF) diet-fed rats. Wistar (male) rats were arranged into several groups and provided with a control and HF diet along with the purple potato extract. Body weights, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin, plasma lipids, and oxidative stress-related indicators were analyzed in plasma and tissue samples. Additionally, real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the gene expression for oxidative stress and fat metabolism in the liver. Histological staining was also performed on pancreatic and hepatic tissues. Purple potato extract lowered body weights and improved glucose utilization in the OGTT test in HF diet-fed rats. Purple potato extract also suppressed HF-diet-induced oxidative stress in plasma and hepatic tissues. Purple potato extract also restored the Nrf-2 expression in the liver, followed by the improved expression of HO-1, HO-2, and other antioxidant genes in HF diet-fed rats. In addition, genes involved in lipid metabolism were also positively modulated due to purple potato extract treatment. Furthermore, histological examination revealed the reduction of lipid accumulation and amelioration of inflammation due to the consumption of purple potato extract. This investigation revealed that antioxidant-rich purple potato extract can modulate the antioxidant and fat metabolizing genes expression, ameliorated oxidative stress and glucose intolerance as well as lowered blood lipids in male rats.

Background Cardamom is a well-known spice in Indian subcontinent, used in culinary and traditional medicine practices since ancient times. The current investigation was untaken to evaluate the potential benefit of cardamom powder supplementation in high carbohydrate high fat (HCHF) diet induced obese rats. Method Male Wistar rats (28 rats) were divided into four different groups such as Control, Control + cardamom, HCHF, HCHF + cardamom. High carbohydrate and high fat (HCHF) diet was prepared in our laboratory. Oral glucose tolerance test, organs wet weight measurements and oxidative stress parameters analysis as well as liver marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were assayed on the tissues collected from the rats. Plasma lipids profiles were also measured in all groups of animals. Moreover, histological staining was also performed to evaluate inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrosis in liver. Results The current investigation showed that, HCHF diet feeding in rats developed glucose intolerance and increased peritoneal fat deposition compared to control rats. Cardamom powder supplementation improved the glucose intolerance significantly ( p  > 0.05) and prevented the abdominal fat deposition in HCHF diet fed rats. HCHF diet feeding in rats also developed dyslipidemia, increased fat deposition and inflammation in liver compared to control rats. Cardamom powder supplementation significantly prevented the rise of lipid parameters ( p  > 0.05) in HCHF diet fed rats. Histological assessments confirmed that HCHF diet increased the fat deposition and inflammatory cells infiltration in liver which was normalized by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats. Furthermore, HCHF diet increased lipid peroxidation, decreased antioxidant enzymes activities and increased advanced protein oxidation product level significantly ( p  > 0.05) both in plasma and liver tissue which were modulated by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats. HCHF diet feeding in rats also increased the ALT, AST and ALP enzyme activities in plasma which were also normalized by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats. Moreover, cardamom powder supplementation ameliorated the fibrosis in liver of HCHF diet fed rats. Conclusion This study suggests that, cardamom powder supplementation can prevent dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and hepatic damage in HCHF diet fed rats.

Obesity is an enduring medical issue that has raised concerns around the world. Natural plant extracts have shown therapeutic potential in preventing oxidative stress and inflammation related to obesity complications. In this study, Senna alexandrina Mill. leaves were utilized to treat high-fat diet-related metabolic disorders and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Plasma biochemical assays were conducted to determine the lipid profiles and oxidative stress parameters, and the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory mediators was measured. Histological stained livers of high-fat diet-fed rats were observed. S . alexandrina leaf powder supplementation prevented the increase in cholesterol and triglyceride levels in high-fat diet-fed rats. Moreover, S . alexandrina leaves also reduced lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production in these rats. Prevention of oxidative stress by S . alexandrina leaf supplementation in high-fat diet-fed rats is regulated by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activity, followed by the restoration of corresponding gene expressions, such as NRF-2 , HO-1 , SOD , and CAT . Histological staining provides further evidence that S . alexandrina leaf supplementation prevents inflammatory cell infiltration, lipid droplet deposition, and fibrosis in the liver of high-fat diet-fed rats. Furthermore, this investigation revealed that S . alexandrina leaf supplementation controlled non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the expression of fat metabolizing enzymes in high-fat diet-fed rats. Therefore, S . alexandrina leaf supplementation inhibits fatty liver inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting its usefulness in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Thus, this natural leaf extract has potential in treatment of obesity related liver dysfunction.

The emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, particularly those are extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, thought to pose a serious threat to global health. This study aimed to isolate and identify the ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae from captive wild and migratory birds in Bangladesh along with their antimicrobial resistance characteristics. In this investigation, standard bacteriological methods were used to detect K. pneumoniae in 219 fecal samples. The positive isolates were confirmed by PCR and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method. K. pneumoniae was detected in 93 (42.47%, 95% CI: 35.8–49.3) out of 219 fecal samples. The prevalence of K. pneumoniae was higher in captive wild birds (50%; 40/80) compared to migratory birds (38.1%; 53/139). The isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin (69.9%) and streptomycin (64.5%). Conversely, the highest sensitivity was recorded for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (84.95%), followed by levofloxacin (79.57%) and gentamicin (69.89%). Molecular screening revealed that all positive isolates harbored blaTEM-1&2 encoding genes, with 45.2% and 15.1% carried blaSHV-1 and blaOXA-1,4&30, respectively. Additionally, resistance genes strA (30.1%), tetA (9.7%), and sul1 (9.7%) were detected. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.18 to 0.64, with 63.4% of isolates classified as MDR. The isolation of MDR and ESBL producing K. pneumoniae from captive wild and migratory birds suggests that these birds may serve as reservoirs for the spread of these bacteria, potentially impacting public health in the study region.