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Woodland combat background (CB) is a common source of natural plant based natural dyes (NPND). Swietenia Macrophylla , Mangifera Indica , Terminalia Arjuna , Corchorus Capsularis , Camellia Sinensis , Azadirachta Indica , Acacia Acuminata , Areca Catechu and Cinnamomum Tamala were dried-grinded-powdered-extracted-polyaziridine encapsulated-dyed-coated-printed with leafy design on cotton fabric and tested against woodland CB under the reflection engineering of ultraviolet (UV)–visible (Vis)–near infrared (NIR) spectrums and photographic versus chromatic techniques of Vis imaging. The reflection properties of NPND treated and untreated cotton fabric were experimented by UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer from 220 to 1400 nm. Six segments of field trialling for NPND treated woodland camouflage textiles were also investigated for concealment, detection, recognition and identification of target signature against forest plants/herbs species; common tree of woodland CB such as Shorea Robusta Gaertn , Bamboo Vulgaris , Musa Acuminata ; and a wooden bridge made by Eucalyptus Citriodora & Bamboo Vulgaris . The imaging properties such as CIE L*, a*, b* and RGB (red, green, blue) of NPND treated cotton-garments were captured by digital camera from 400 to 700 nm against tree stem/bark, dry leaves, green leaves and dry wood of woodland CB. Therefore, a colorful matching for concealment, detection, recognition and identification of target signature against woodland CB was verified by Vis camera imaging and UV–Vis–NIR reflection mechanism. UV-protection property of Swietenia Macrophylla treated cotton fabric was also investigated by diffuse reflection for defence clothing. Simultaneous ‘camouflage textiles in UV–Vis–NIR’ and ‘UV-protective’ property of Swietenia Macrophylla treated fabric have been investigated for NPND materials-based textiles coloration (dyeing-coating-printing) which is a new concept for camouflage formulation of NPND dyed-NPND mordanted-NPND coated-NPND printed textiles in terms of ecofriendly source of woodland camouflage materials. Therefore, technical properties of NPND materials and methodologies of camouflage textile assessment have been advanced in addition to coloration philosophy of natural dyed-coated-printed textiles.

A new microscopic traffic flow model is established based on heterogeneous driver's sensitivity; in this new model, the driver's sensitivity is defined as being dependent on the headway distances to the preceding vehicle, similar to Bando’s optimal velocity function. We introduce the formulation of this cognitive driver's sensitivity utilizing a modified form of Bando’s optimal velocity function. A simple methodology, which is used for improving Bando’s optimal velocity function, has been implemented for developing the cognitive driver’s sensitivity function, which establishes a correlation between the flow field’s density and human drivers' responses. The model is highly advanced for introducing a human-driven traffic flow field considering the driver’s mental behavioral activity. Using the linear stability condition, we elucidate a neutral stability condition. A series of numerical simulations indicates how the present model describes dynamics that differ from the conventional model, which assumes a constant driver's sensitivity.

The present study investigates the perception of local communities and obtains the socio-economic impacts of ecotourism development in Terengganu, Malaysia. Two ecotourism places of Terengganu namely Lake Kenyir and Sekayu Recreational Forest had purposively been chosen for study. A non-probability convenience sampling was adopted for sample selection and a structured questionnaire was administered among 310 respondents to investigate the perception of the local communities. Factor analysis was done to identify the latent constructs and a theoretical Structural Equation Model (SEM) was proposed and tested. Results show that employment opportunities, homestay accommodations, and community participation are some positive socio-economic impacts of ecotourism development. Moreover, degradation of natural resources and break-up of religious traditions have been identified as negative socio-economic impacts. To ensure sustainable ecotourism development and endure the maximum benefit to the local communities, these negative impacts should be minimized. Encouragement should be given to local communities to accelerate the positive impacts of ecotourism.

In this study, an artificial traffic system, which is generated on a computer by utilizing the computational technique, has been developed by establishing brilliant lane-changing criteria for the Cellular Automata (CA) traffic model to figure out adequate strategies for cooperative driving that can be implemented in actual traffic systems for optimum use of existing road facilities. We investigate the flow efficiency and social dilemma, which embody the tension between the demanded road facility and the existing road facility, that emerged due to the defector drivers in a traffic flow system, who are highly aggressive in driving and impose threatening/pushing effects on their preceding while they are tailgating. The evolutionary game theory, which is one of the most efficient tools in the decision-making process, has been utilized to identify the Social Efficiency Deficit (SED), which means the dilemma strength of those games. We introduced a new lane-changing protocol for the preceding vehicle, considering the threatening effects given by the aggressive follower. This investigation explored several case studies defining various strategies for cofactors and defectors. We conducted a series of multi-agent simulations on this traffic flow system and experienced the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) and the Quasi-Prisoner’s Dilemma game with diverse dilemma strengths for four different strategies for cooperators and defectors.

RNA-Seq is an important technique for predictions and functional analysis of genes that improves gene ontology biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components, but still now there is limited information available on this topic.Tyagi et al.nicely presented the recent genomics technologies such as first generation, second generation (Next generation) and third generation for functional genomic studies. [...]genetic analysis nearby the SNP markers linked to the QTL revealed many biotic stress responsive genes within this QTLs, including a cluster of four chitinase A genes. Among them, 388 genes were transcription factors and associated with momilactone and phenolic acid biosynthesis which could play critical roles in allelopathy. [...]they identified the up-regulated and down-regulated genes at certain condition, which could be involved in the secondary metabolites’ biosynthesis and developmental processes; respectively.

In this paper, a new continuum traffic model is developed considering the backward-looking effect through a new positive backward equilibrium speed function. As compared with the conventional full velocity difference model, the backward equilibrium velocity function, which is largely acceptably grounded from mathematical and physical perspectives, plays an important role in significantly enhancing the stability of the traffic flow field. A linear stability condition is derived to demonstrate the flow neutralization capacity of the model, whereas the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation and the attendant analytical solution are deduced using nonlinear analysis to observe the traffic flow behavior near the neutral stability condition. A numerical simulation, used to determine the flow stability enhancement efficiency of the model, is also conducted to verify the theoretical results.

Purpose Corporate social responsibility (CSR) influences an organization in deciding its ethical approaches in the corporate practices and also important to maintain sustainable development. Islamic banks are capturing almost 40% of the total bank account holders in Bangladesh and contributing to the socio-economic and environmental development of the country through their CSR activities. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of CSR activities of Islamic banks for sustainable development in Bangladesh from the perception of the beneficiaries. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a questionnaire survey of 200 conveniently selected beneficiaries from five purposively selected Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Respondents’ agreement score for various CSR-related activities has been observed in a five-point Likert scale and, finally, to identify the impact of CSR, exploratory factor analysis has been done. Findings Results revealed that respondents are expressing strong agreement for almost all the activities, and they are much satisfied with ongoing CSR activities by Islamic banks, which implies positive attitudes of beneficiaries regarding CSR activities. The results of factor analysis further confirm the perception of respondents toward CSR activities of Islamic banks in terms of social enhancement, education and health, socio-economic well-being and contemporary arts and culture. Originality/value The Islamic banks should enhance their CSR activities for socio-economic development, provide more allocation in education programs, increase sponsorship in sports events and assist in flourishing Bangladeshi arts and culture.

In this study, a traffic flow model, the so-called Taillight Adapting (TA) traffic model, is developed considering the driver's activities impact following the taillight effect of the preceding vehicle, which is switched on and off based on the vehicle's accelerations and decelerations. To quantify a driver's sensitivity to the velocity gap, we introduced the concept of the new driver's sensitivity function, which has twofold formulations. The first formulation follows the HDDS model (Hossain and Tanimoto in Sci Rep 12:1–4, 2022), which presumes sensitivity depends on a headway distance. The second formulation presumes that the sensitivity depends on a velocity gap, which the taillight might inform of a preceding vehicle. We have calibrated the neutralizing proficiency of a traffic flow field for the HDDS and proposed the TA model by utilizing the linear stability theory. Finally, a series of numerical simulations of the improved TA model and conventional FVD model have been carried out to investigate how the traffic flow field for the TA model behaves differently from the conventional FVD model.

In this study, a new continuum traffic model is established in consideration of the diverse reactivity effect that emerges from driving attention and the vehicle’s inertia. To instigate this diverse reactivity effect, two new functions are introduced, namely a driver’s sensitivity function relying on the flow field’s instantaneous density that follows a reverse tendency of optimal velocity function and an inertial equilibrium velocity function assuming the vehicle’s inertia coefficient. Comparative analysis is performed using the proposed model and the conventional full velocity difference model. To ascertain the flow field neutralization capability of this model, a neutral stability analysis and the attendant neutral stability condition are derived. The complex behavior of the model near the critical point is investigated via nonlinear analysis, and the wavy solution of the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation is obtained. To verify the analytical solution, a numerical simulation is performed, with the results demonstrating excellent agreement with the obtained theoretical results.

PurposeHeritage tourism is recognized as one of the major factors for influencing national identities to the tourists through highlighting the connection between built and live heritages. Bangladesh is a country of treasure for heritage attractions. Lalbagh Fort and Ahsan Manzil are two famous Muslim heritage sites in Dhaka city. This study aims to measure the tourists’ satisfaction with these two attractions.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a non-probability convenience sampling technique to collect the primary data. A total of 100 tourists have been selected from both study areas, and primary data are collected through a structured questionnaire. A summated Likert Scale is used to obtain the tourists’ perception of five dimensions – attraction, information, staff and access, environment and facilities and satisfaction levels. Later, multiple regression analysis is used to identify the tourists’ satisfaction-related dimensions of the study sites.FindingsThe results reveal that four dimensions, namely, attraction, information, staff and access and environment are statistically significantly related to tourists’ satisfaction. Whereas, beta value for facilities dimension was found statistically insignificant. It implies that tourists’ are not satisfied with the information regarding the study sites, and observed facilities seem to be insufficient to meet the perception of the tourists.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that recruitment of trained staffs, undertake programs to preserve and maintain the quality of attractions, proper promotional activities, well-kept and cleaning arrangements and improved facilities and services are essential to increase the tourists’ satisfaction in Lalbagh Fort and Ahsan Manzil heritage sites.Originality/valueDhaka city is famous for mosques and other Muslim heritages. Lalbagh Fort and Ahsan Manzil are two famous Muslim heritages sites in Dhaka city attracting huge tourists from home and abroad. In this paper, an investigation is carried out to measure the tourists’ satisfaction with these two attractions based on their perceptions.