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The production of green fuel oil is of the utmost importance for maintaining a healthy life and environment in the current world. Effective and complete removal of sulfur refractory compounds (such as 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene and other alkyl-substituted thiophene derivatives) from fuel oil is essential to meet the new requirements of sulfur standards. Several techniques have been proposed for desulfurization of fuel oil, such as hydrodesulfurization (HDS), selective adsorption, extractive distillation, biodesulfurization, and oxidative desulfurization (ODS). The removal of sulfur by the HDS process requires higher investment costs, high reaction temperature (up to 400 °C), and high pressure (up to 100 atm) reactors. On the other hand, studies have shown that the ODS process is remarkably successful in the removal of sulfur under mild reaction conditions. This review article presents a comparative analysis of various existing catalytic oxidation techniques: acetic acid/formic acid catalytic oxidation, heteropolyacid (HPA) catalytic oxidation, ionic liquid catalytic oxidation, molecular sieve catalytic oxidation, polyoxometalates catalytic oxidation, titanium catalytic oxidation, and ultrasound-assisted oxidation systems, as well as discusses research gaps, and proposes important recommendations for future challenges.

In this research article, a discontinuous Galerkin method with a weighted parameter θ and a penalty parameter γ is proposed for solving the first order hyperbolic equation. The key aim of this method is to design an error estimation for both a priori and a posteriori error analysis on general finite element meshes. It is also exposed to the reliability and effectiveness of both parameters in the order of convergence of the solutions. For a posteriori error estimation, residual adaptive mesh- refining algorithm is employed. A series of numerical experiments are illustrated that demonstrate the efficiency of the method.

Carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, capture has recently become a crucial technological solution to reduce atmospheric emissions from fossil fuel burning. Thereafter, many efforts have been put forwarded to reduce the burden on climate change by capturing and separating CO2, especially from larger power plants and from the air through the utilization of different technologies (e.g., membrane, absorption, microbial, cryogenic, chemical looping, and so on). Those technologies have often suffered from high operating costs and huge energy consumption. On the right side, physical process, such as adsorption, is a cost-effective process, which has been widely used to adsorb different contaminants, including CO2. Henceforth, this review covered the overall efficacies of CO2 adsorption from air at 196 K to 343 K and different pressures by the carbon-based materials (CBMs). Subsequently, we also addressed the associated challenges and future opportunities for CBMs. According to this review, the efficacies of various CBMs for CO2 adsorption have followed the order of carbon nanomaterials (i.e., graphene, graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, and their composites) < mesoporous -microporous or hierarchical porous carbons < biochar and activated biochar < activated carbons.

The endophytic bacterium Burkholderia contaminans NZ was isolated from jute, which is an important fiber-producing plant. This bacterium exhibits significant growth promotion activity in in vivo pot experiments, and like other plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria fixes nitrogen, produces indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity. B . contaminans NZ is considered to exert a promising growth inhibitory effect on Macrophomina phaseolina , a phytopathogen responsible for infecting hundreds of crops worldwide. This study aimed to identify the possibility of B . contaminans NZ as a safe biocontrol agent and assess its effectiveness in suppressing phytopathogenic fungi, especially M . phaseolina . Co-culture of M . phaseolina with B . contaminans NZ on both solid and liquid media revealed appreciable growth suppression of M . phaseolina and its chromogenic aberration in liquid culture. Genome mining of B . contaminans NZ using NaPDoS and antiSMASH revealed gene clusters that displayed 100% similarity for cytotoxic and antifungal substances, such as pyrrolnitrin. GC-MS analysis of B . contaminans NZ culture extracts revealed various bioactive compounds, including catechol; 9,10-dihydro-12’-hydroxy-2’-methyl-5’-(phenylmethyl)- ergotaman 3’,6’,18-trione; 2,3-dihydro-3,5- dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one; 1-(1,6-Dioxooctadecyl)- pyrrolidine; 9-Octadecenamide; and 2- methoxy- phenol. These compounds reportedly exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory, antifungal, and antibiotic activities. Using a more targeted approach, an RP-HPLC purified fraction was analyzed by LC-MS, confirming the existence of pyrrolnitrin in the B . contaminans NZ extract. Secondary metabolites, such as catechol and ergotaman, have been predicted to inhibit melanin synthesis in M . phaseolina . Thus, B . contaminans NZ appears to inhibit phytopathogens by apparently impairing melanin synthesis and other potential biochemical pathways, exhibiting considerable fungistatic activity.

Introduction: Young Rohingya refugee women in Cox’s Bazar have limited knowledge of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and low testing rates. This study explores sociocultural and structural barriers and facilitators, including the cross-cutting issue of information challenges, affecting their HIV/STI literacy and testing. We present perspectives of young women, men, community leaders, and healthcare providers. Methods: We used purposive sampling to select young Rohingya women, men, community leaders and healthcare providers and conducted a total of 40 in-depth interviews and five focus group discussions. The data were thematically analysed using a socio-ecological framework. Results: Knowledge about HIV/STIs was limited, and misconceptions were common. Access to information and testing was restricted by social and gender norms, as well as structural challenges such as strict health policies for refugees, the limited of youth-friendly services, and fragmented referral systems. Participants also noted the lack of male-friendly HIV/STI services, which matters for women because untreated male partners increase the risk of reinfection and undermine the effectiveness of women-focused interventions. Mistrust in the healthcare system and poor communication also contributed to lower testing rates. However, participants identified several community-based facilitators that helped raise awareness and increase testing, including home-based HIV/STI education delivered by female health workers, peer testimonies and support, messages from religious leaders, and dedicated youth-friendly spaces. Discussion: These findings underscore the value of culturally-tailored, community-led approaches that address gender norms and systemic barriers. Female-led education, peer support, and positive faith-based messaging offer promising avenues to improve HIV/STI awareness and testing among young Rohingya refugee women.

The poultry industry has grown so fast alongside the irrational use of antibiotics to maximize profit and make the production cost-effective during the last few decades. The rising and indiscriminate use of antibiotics might result in the deposition of residues in poultry food products and in the development of resistance to these drugs by microorganisms. Therefore, many diseases are becoming difficult to treat both in humans and animals. In addition, the use of low-dose antibiotics as growth enhancer results in antibiotic residues in food products, which have detrimental effects on human health. On the other hand, many studies have shown that antibiotics administered to poultry and livestock are poorly absorbed through the gut and usually excreted without metabolism. These excreted antibiotics eventually accumulate in the environment and enter the human food chain, resulting in the bioaccumulation of drug residues in the human body. In this regard, to find out alternatives is of paramount importance for the production of safe meat and egg. Therefore, in recent years, much research attention was disarticulated toward the exploration for alternatives to antibiotic as in-feed growth enhancers after its ban by the EU. As a result, probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics, spirulina, symbiotic, and their combination are being used more frequently in poultry production. Feed additives therefore gained popularity in poultry production by having many advantages but without any residues in poultry products. In addition, numerous studies demonstrating that such biological supplements compete with antimicrobial resistance have been conducted. Therefore, the purpose of this review article was to highlight the advantages of using biological products instead of antibiotics as poultry in-feed growth enhancers to enhance the production performance, reduce intestinal pathogenic bacteria, and maintain gut health, potentiating the immune response, safety, and wholesomeness of meat and eggs as evidence of consumer protection, as well as to improve the safety of poultry products for human consumption.

Introduction Employees often face barriers to engaging in regular physical activity (PA) during working hours, including lack of time, workloads, and management support, which are some of the noted barriers. This intervention aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of displaying motivational and educational banners near lifts and stairwells in a university setting as a strategy to promote PA. Methods This mixed methods intervention involved 103 university employees who were observed as they approached lifts, with subsequent stair use being monitored. The intervention took place in two university buildings, where four large banners (468 × 280 cm) featuring motivational and educational messages were strategically placed near stairwells and lifts. Results Significant changes in stair use behaviour were noted, while analysis identified six main themes such as promoting physical activity, motivation, behaviour change, physical benefits, mental benefits and future direction, and several sub-themes related to participants' motivations and experiences. An average the number of floors participants reported climbing were ( n  = 3) and each floor represented 21 steps. Participants reported physical benefits, such as increased heart rate and leg strengthening, while others noted mental health benefits, including reduced stress, anxiety, and improved confidence. Discussion and conclusion This intervention successfully changed participants’ behaviour, with many stating that the banners would positively influence their future stair-use decisions. The findings can inform future interventions related to PA, health, and well-being in various settings, including workplaces and community environments.

Environmental factors, including pesticide exposure, have been identified as substantial contributors to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. Previously, we demonstrated that repeated exposure to deltamethrin induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, reduces hippocampal neurogenesis, and impairs cognition in adult mice. Here, we investigated the potential relationship between ER stress and hippocampal neurogenesis following exposure to deltamethrin, utilizing both pharmacological and genetic approaches. To investigate whether ER stress is associated with inhibition of neurogenesis, mice were given two intraperitoneal injections of eIf2α inhibitor salubrinal (1 mg/kg) at 24 h and 30 min prior to the oral administration of deltamethrin (3 mg/kg). Salubrinal prevented hippocampal ER stress, as indicated by decreased levels of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and attenuated deltamethrin-induced reductions in BrdU-, Ki-67-, and DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. To further explore the relationship between ER stress and adult neurogenesis, we used caspase-12 knockout (KO) mice. The caspase-12 KO mice exhibited significant protection against deltamethrin-induced reduction of BrdU-, Ki-67-, and DCX-positive cells in the hippocampus. In addition, deltamethrin exposure led to a notable upregulation of CHOP and caspase-12 expression in a significant portion of BrdU- and Ki-67-positive cells in WT mice. Conversely, both salubrinal-treated mice and caspase-12 KO mice exhibited a considerably lower number of CHOP-positive cells in the hippocampus. Together, these findings suggest that exposure to the insecticide deltamethrin triggers ER stress-mediated suppression of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which may subsequently contribute to learning and memory deficits in mice.

Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and, although the exact causes are unknown, recent epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that several environmental agents may be significant risk factors. To date, these suspected environmental risk factors have been man-made chemicals. In this report, we demonstrate via genetic, biochemical, and immunological studies that the common volatile fungal semiochemical 1-octen-3-ol reduces dopamine levels and causes dopamine neuron degeneration in Drosophila melanogaster . Overexpression of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) rescued the dopamine toxicity and neurodegeneration, whereas mutations decreasing VMAT and tyrosine hydroxylase exacerbated toxicity. Furthermore, 1-octen-3-ol also inhibited uptake of dopamine in human cell lines expressing the human plasma membrane dopamine transporter (DAT) and human VMAT ortholog, VMAT2. These data demonstrate that 1-octen-3-ol exerts toxicity via disruption of dopamine homeostasis and may represent a naturally occurring environmental agent involved in parkinsonism.