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Anxiety disorder is one of the emerging public health problems in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Likewise, in Bangladesh, a growing number of adolescents are experiencing such symptoms though we have very limited research evidence available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and the factors associated with this condition among urban, semi-urban, and rural school adolescents in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study used a two-stage cluster sampling procedure. A self-administered questionnaire was conveyed to 2355 adolescents from nine secondary schools of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Of the respondents, 2313 completed the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). Besides, sociodemographic information, self-reported body image as well as modification of Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ) and WHO Global PA Questionnaire (GPAQ) were used to determine the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with anxiety among adolescents. A total of 20.1% of adolescents were experiencing moderate to severe anxiety; of them, a significantly higher proportion (49.9%) of female adolescents were suffering more than males (40.1%). Furthermore, age, student's grade, father's educational level, number of family members, and residential setting were found to be significantly associated with anxiety among adolescents. In terms of lifestyle factors, irregular physical activity (AOR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.05-1.63), high screen time (AOR: 1.51; 95% CI:1.21-1.88), sleep dissatisfaction (AOR: 3.79; 95% CI: 3.02-4.76), and underweight body image (AOR: 2.37; 95% CI:1.70-3.28) were found to be significantly associated with anxiety among school adolescents of urban, semi-urban, and rural residential settings. Anxiety is prevalent among urban, semi-urban, and rural school adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh. To lessen this prevalence of anxiety among Bangladeshi adolescents, evidence-based health programs- healthy school trials-and policies should therefore be taken based on the findings of this study.

The demand for green synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials is increasing tremendously to achieve sustainable development goals and for a clean environment. Simultaneously, metal oxides hold significant importance across various fields, such as catalysis, semiconductors, ceramics, photocatalysis, sensors, medicine, and energy storage, and so forth. The green synthesis process eliminates the use of toxic chemicals in the synthesis process. Different natural solvents (plant extracts) are widely utilized to synthesize metal oxides while maintaining a green environment. The extensively used plant extracts are Lawsonia inermis, Centella asiatica, Azadirachta indica, Moringa olifera, Papaya leaves, Paeonia emodi, Pavetta indica, Cyathea nilgiriensis, Callistemon lanceoletus, Rhaamnus virgata, Daphena alpina, Zephyranthes rosea, Common hops, Gloriosa superba, Thymus vulgaris, Ixoro coccinea, Cassia auriculata, Lanata camara, and so forth, for green synthesis of Ag2O, CuO, ZnO, MgO, CaO, and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesis process and the reaction parameters are very crucial for tuning the properties of nanomaterials. In this review, the synthesis process using plant extract is explored along with the reaction parameter's effects on the morphology of the final product. And Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was evaluated for the metal oxides to show the importance of FTIR in inorganic compound analysis. Synthesis of metal oxide from different types of green plants for a sustainable environment.

Pure and different percentages (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5%) of silver (Ag) doped hydroxyapatites (Hap) were synthesized employing the wet chemical precipitation method. The samples were characterized with the aid of X‐ray diffraction (phase analysis, crystallographic characterization, and crystal size calculation using Scherrer equation and different models), scanning electron microscopy, and optical bandgap energy. The Hap containing 0.25% Ag showed better photocatalytic activity in various dye concentrations, catalyst doses, and pH. At a very low catalyst dose (0.375 g/L) and 20 ppm pollutant concentration, reaction rate, and rate constant were evaluated for the Congo Red dye, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, and levofloxacin. The maximum rate constant (0.0028 min−1) and reaction rate (9.657 × 10−8 mole L−1·min−1) were found for Congo Red dye and ciprofloxacin, respectively, using 0.25_Ag‐Hap (0.25% Ag‐doped Hap). The energies of the valance band (3.14 eV) and conduction band (−0.36 eV) were lower in the case of 0.25_Ag‐Hap than the other samples. Simplified reaction mechanisms were proposed for the photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red dye, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, and levofloxacin. Silver doping enhances the photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite.

Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) who are in the frontline during the COVID-19 pandemic are often under significant pressures that may predispose them to symptoms of poor mental health. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression among HCWs and factors correlated with mental health concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. And, it also aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Bangla version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and August, 2020. A self-reported online questionnaire was utilized to collect data. The survey included questions concerning socio-demographic, lifestyle, and work setting, as well as the HADS. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. Results Data from 803 HCWs (50.7% male; mean age: 27.3 [SD = 6.9]; age range: 18-58 years) were included in the final analysis. The Bangla HADS was psychometrically sound, and demonstrated good internal consistency and reliability (α = 0.83), and excellent construct validity. Prevalence estimates of anxiety and depression were 69.5%, and 39.5%, respectively, for less severe symptomology (at least borderline abnormal), and 41.2% and 15.7% for more severe (at least abnormal) symptomology. Regression analyses with the total HADS score as a dependent variable revealed significant ( p  < 0.05) associations with female gender, moderate and poor health status, infrequent physical exercising, smoking, having had regrets about one’s profession because of the pandemic and associated experiences, not updating on the latest COVID-19-related research, experiencing discrimination in the workplace, and facing social problems due to working in a lab or hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions Symptoms of anxiety and depression are prevalent among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. The findings suggest a need for screening for mental health concerns, and employing early intervention to help these individuals.

During the catastrophic situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of the health care workers (HCWs) is the most crucial, and their absenteeism, whether due to inability or unwillingness, becomes a major concern for the national health system. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the willingness and its associated factors to work during the COVID-19 pandemic among the physicians of Bangladesh. This was a cross-sectional study conducted from April 21 to May 10, 2020, using an online survey among the Bangladeshi physicians living in the country. Both univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression models were used to determine the predictors of the willingness of the physicians to work during the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 69% physicians reported that they were willing to work during the COVID-19 pandemic, 8.9% reported that they were not willing, while 21.4% of participants were not sure about their willingness. Younger age, having experience of treating patients during previous pandemics, working in the emergency departments and high self-reported compliance to the recommended PPE were important predictors of being willing to work during COVID-19 pandemic. Concern for family and risk of transmitting the infection to family members were most commonly reported as major barriers of working during the pandemic (30%) followed by having comorbidities (25%), lack of adequate safety measures (25%), fear of being infected (12.2%), not involved in clinical practice (12.5%) etc. Though the majority of the physicians were willing to work during the COVID-19 pandemic, sufficient supply of PPE, support to maintain recommended quarantine and isolation policy after risky hospital duty along with adequate and effective training can increase their willingness to continue their sacred duty during this crucial pandemic.

Background Adolescent tobacco use remains a significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Bangladesh. To address this issue, an Intervention for Adolescent Tobacco Initiation Prevention (IATIP) has been developed. This study aims to assess the feasibility of implementing the IATIP and to evaluate its potential efficacy in preventing tobacco initiation and promoting adolescent health and well-being. Methods This pilot school-based cluster randomised controlled trial will be conducted among adolescents ( N  ≈ 1280 participants) in school years 8 and 9 attending participating schools ( K  = 8 schools) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The intervention consists of three 40-min sessions delivered over three successive days, incorporating knowledge- and skill-based lectures, interactive activities, and materials targeting tobacco prevention and health promotion. The intervention was developed based on evidence from a systematic review, a quantitative survey, qualitative focus groups, and expert consensus. The primary outcome is intervention feasibility, assessed through recruitment and attrition rates, fidelity of delivery, and acceptability. Secondary outcomes include changes in tobacco use intentions, tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, skills development, and measures of health and well-being. Data will be collected through structured questionnaires at baseline and at 1-month follow-up. A post-intervention process evaluation will be conducted with a sub-sample of pupils in the intervention arm and their teachers, using a mixed-methods approach to explore implementation processes, facilitation, participant experiences, and areas for improvement. Discussion This pilot trial addresses a critical gap in adolescent tobacco control in LMICs. By combining evidence-based strategies, the IATIP aims to equip adolescents with the knowledge and skills necessary to resist tobacco initiation and to enhance overall health and well-being. Successful implementation of the intervention may contribute to reduced tobacco initiation, lower exposure to second-hand smoke, and improved adolescent health outcomes. Given the scalability of school-based interventions, the findings of this study may inform future large-scale definitive trials and influence national policies and strategies. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06399588)

The study aims to synthesize nano‐crystallite TSP using renewable, low‐cost, waste marine mollusk from three different species such as Babylonia japonica, Oliva sayana, and Conasprella bermudensis. The molar ratio of phosphate to calcium in triple superphosphate [TSP, Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O] significantly impacts its properties and fertilizer performance, in this case, we kept the ratio to 2. Raw TSP has a high phosphate content and lower calcium content. The synthesized TSP was analyzed using various techniques including TGA, XRD, EDX, FT‐IR, and SEM. The study utilized multiple XRD model equations to analyze crystallite size ( <100nm${\\char60 100\\hskip0.17em\\hskip0.17em{\\rm n}{\\rm m}}$), with all models except the Liner straight‐line method providing higher estimates for synthesized TSP. Furthermore, the values for stress (2×107 to 4×107 N/m2), strain (4×10−4 to 9×10−4), as well as energy density (4.54×103 to 16.27×103 J/m3) were also calculated for the synthesized product. However, the preferential growth calculation indicates that (010), (021), and (020) planes are the most thermodynamically stable planes for the growth of the synthesized TSP. Apart from that, FTIR result confirms that CaO, −OH, as well as PO43− functional groups are present in the synthesized products. This research suggests that marine mollusks can be utilized as a calcium precursor for P‐fertilizer and 60 % phosphoric acid, thereby reducing production costs by eliminating additional dehydrating. Additionally, waste marine mollusk shells could be utilized as an alternative to the production of phosphate‐based fertilizer. The study explores the synthesis of nano‐crystallite triple super phosphate (TSP) from marine mollusk waste, and in‐depth crystallographic characterization carries good evidence for fruitful application as nano‐fertilizer.

Due to the representation of a particular field condition of soil rather than the real time scenario from laboratory experiments, the selection of unsaturated permeability and flow parameters becomes challenging when conducting numerical modeling. Keeping this in mind, the objective of the study was to determine the permeability in both directions along with the unsaturated flow parameters from field data. Although it is conventional to determine the flow parameters from the curve fitting of laboratory results, a novel approach was carried out during the course of study, wherein field soil water characteristic curves were used to determine the unsaturated flow parameters. Two two-lane roads in Kaufman County and Ellis County, Texas were selected for data acquisition and monitoring in this study. For the investigation of in situ moisture content and matric suction, soil moisture and suction sensors were installed at up to a depth of 4.5 m into the ground, while the precipitation was recorded using rain gauges installed at the sites. Field determination yielded hydraulic conductivity values in the range of 10−4 to 10−5 m/s, representing the rapid flow of water due to desiccation cracks on expansive soil. Field-generated unsaturated flow parameters also indicated variability while constructing the SWCC. Finally, PLAXIS 2D was used for the transient flow analysis. The close agreement of the FE results with the direct field measurements validated the estimated flow parameters. The approach described in the study can be used for determining permeability and unsaturated flow parameter values from field data, which offers a dynamic situation in contrast to the static laboratory condition.

Background Several coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines have already been authorized and distributed in different countries all over the world, including Bangladesh. Understanding public acceptance of such a novel vaccine is vital, but little is known about the topic. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the determinants of intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine and willingness to pay (WTP) among people in Bangladesh. Methods An anonymous and online-based survey of Bangladeshi people (mean age = 29.96 ± 9.15 years; age range = 18–60 years) was conducted using a self-reported questionnaire consisting of socio-demographics, COVID-19 experience, and vaccination-related information as well as the health belief model (HBM). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination intent and WTP. Results Of the 894 participants, 38.5% reported a definite intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, whereas 27% had a probable intention, and among this intent group, 42.8% wanted to get vaccinated as soon as possible. Older age, feeling optimistic about the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination, believing that vaccination decreases worries and risk of COVID-19 infection, and being less concerned about side effects and safety of COVID-19 vaccination under the HBM construct were found to be significant factors in COVID-19 vaccination intention. Most of the participants (72.9%) were willing to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine, with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) amount of BDT 400/US$ 4.72 (IQR; BDT 200–600/US$ 2.36–7.07) per dose. Factors associated with higher WTP were younger age, being male, having higher education, residing in an urban area, having good self-rated health status, positivity towards COVID-19 vaccination's effectiveness, and being worried about the likelihood of getting infected with COVID-19. Participants who were COVID-19 vaccination intent preferred an imported vaccine over a domestically-made vaccine (22.9% vs. 14.8%), while 28.2% preferred a routine immunization schedule. Conclusion The findings indicate a considerable proportion of Bangladeshi people intended to get vaccinated and had WTP for the COVID-19 vaccine. However, urgent education and awareness programs are warranted to alleviate public skepticism regarding the COVID-19 vaccination.

This study used the microwave synthesis method to manufacture nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp), a calcium and phosphate group mineral with a hexagonal lattice structure. Calcium hydroxide and diammonium hydrogen phosphate were used as precursors for calcium and phosphorus. The crystalline structure of the resultant HAp was identified by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Various XRD models, including the Scherrer method, Williamson–Hall (W‐H) method, Halder–Wagner (H‐W) method, size–strain plot (SSP) method, modified Scherrer (MS) method, linear straight line (LSL) method, and the Sahadat–Scherrer method, were employed to estimate crystallite parameters such as size and strain. W‐H analysis is utilized to determine data about crystallite size and lattice strain with the help of models such as UDM, USDM, and UDEDM to estimate crystallite dimensions. The estimated crystallite size of HAp using this method ranges between 1 and 100 nm. The FTIR analysis verified the incorporation of PO43− ${\\mathrm{PO}}_4^{3 - }$and OH− ${\\mathrm{O}}{{\\mathrm{H}}^ - }$groups in the synthesized HAp. In‐depth characterization using X‐ray diffraction data of microwave assisted hydroxyapatite.