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"Hossein"
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Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability
The hydrological cycle is expected to intensify with global warming, which likely increases the intensity of extreme precipitation events and the risk of flooding. The changes, however, often differ from the theorized expectation of increases in water‐holding capacity of the atmosphere in the warmer conditions, especially when water availability is limited. Here, the relationships of changes in extreme precipitation and flood intensities for the end of the twenty-first century with spatial and seasonal water availability are quantified. Results show an intensification of extreme precipitation and flood events over all climate regions which increases as water availability increases from dry to wet regions. Similarly, there is an increase in the intensification of extreme precipitation and flood with the seasonal cycle of water availability. The connection between extreme precipitation and flood intensity changes and spatial and seasonal water availability becomes stronger as events become less extreme.
Journal Article
Portable and Error-Free DNA-Based Data Storage
DNA-based data storage is an emerging nonvolatile memory technology of potentially unprecedented density, durability, and replication efficiency. The basic system implementation steps include synthesizing DNA strings that contain user information and subsequently retrieving them via high-throughput sequencing technologies. Existing architectures enable reading and writing but do not offer random-access and error-free data recovery from low-cost, portable devices, which is crucial for making the storage technology competitive with classical recorders. Here we show for the first time that a portable, random-access platform may be implemented in practice using nanopore sequencers. The novelty of our approach is to design an integrated processing pipeline that encodes data to avoid costly synthesis and sequencing errors, enables random access through addressing, and leverages efficient portable sequencing via new iterative alignment and deletion error-correcting codes. Our work represents the only known random access DNA-based data storage system that uses error-prone nanopore sequencers, while still producing error-free readouts with the highest reported information rate. As such, it represents a crucial step towards practical employment of DNA molecules as storage media.
Journal Article
Risk sharing in finance : the Islamic finance alternative
The financial crisis of 2008 has motivated a number of academics, practitioners and policymakers to question the fundamental stability of the conventional financial system, a system predominantly based on debt financing and leveraging; with the embedded risk that the temptation of leveraging could become excessive, and this combined with the inherent asset-liability mismatch threatens the solvency of financial institutions and overall financial stability. An alternative to the conventional financial system is a system with no debt financing, only equity or direct asset financing; where there would be no \"risk shifting\" as happens with debt, only \"risk sharing\" as happens with equity or asset-financing. Financial institutions would be serving their traditional role as intermediaries between savers and investors but with no debt on their balance sheets, no opportunity to engage in leveraging and no predetermined interest rate payments as liabilities. Such a system has been suggested by a number of noted conventional economists over the last hundred years and it is the system whose basic principles have been advocated by Islam and to some extent by other Abrahamic religions. While a number of indicators point to rapid growth in the practice of Islamic finance, much of this growth, to our mind, has been superficial. Instead of developing a risk-sharing-friendly financial system, the practice of Islamic finance has become misaligned to replicating conventional finance. In this volume, the authors make an important attempt to develop the building blocks of an Islamic financial system and elaborate on its implementation as a comprehensive system. They make a convincing case for the world to shed its reliance on debt, interest and leveraging, and revamp the global financial system to rely more heavily on equity financing, genuine asset securitization linking the payoffs of financial securities to the underlying assets, and thus promoting wider risk sharing. --- Inside Flap.
Book
Self-assembly of highly ordered micro- and nanoparticle deposits
The evaporation of particle-laden sessile droplets is associated with capillary-driven outward flow and leaves nonuniform coffee-ring-like particle patterns due to far-from-equilibrium effects. Traditionally, the surface energies of the drop and solid phases are tuned, or external forces are applied to suppress the coffee-ring; however, achieving a uniform and repeatable particle deposition is extremely challenging. Here, we report a simple, scalable, and noninvasive technique that yields uniform and exceptionally ordered particle deposits on a microscale surface area by placing the droplet on a near neutral-wet shadow mold attached to a hydrophilic substrate. The simplicity of the method, no external forces, and no tuning materials’ physiochemical properties make the present generic approach an excellent candidate for a wide range of sensitive applications. We demonstrate the utility of this method for fabricating ordered mono- and multilayer patternable coatings, producing nanofilters with controlled pore size, and creating reproducible functionalized nanosensors.
A uniform particle deposition is crucial for sensitive applications, such as sensors and electronics. Here, authors introduce a passive protocol to suppress the coffee-ring effect and form uniform films at micro- and nanoscales combining superhydrophilic substrate with a neutral-wetting low-roughness mold.
Journal Article
Recent advances in opinion propagation dynamics: a 2020 survey
Opinion dynamics have attracted the interest of researchers from different fields. Local interactions among individuals create interesting dynamics for the system as a whole. Such dynamics are important from a variety of perspectives. Group decision making, successful marketing, and constructing networks (in which consensus can be reached or prevented) are a few examples of existing or potential applications. The invention of the Internet has made the opinion fusion faster, unilateral, and on a whole different scale. Spread of fake news, propaganda, and election interferences have made it clear there is an essential need to know more about these dynamics. The emergence of new ideas in the field has accelerated over the last few years. In the first quarter of 2020, at least 50 research papers have emerged, either peer-reviewed and published or on preprint outlets such as arXiv. In this paper, we summarize these ground-breaking ideas and their fascinating extensions and introduce newly surfaced concepts.
Journal Article
A new structure for security, peace, and cooperation in the Persian Gulf
\"This book provides a new model for sustainable peace and security in the Middle East. It provides detailed analyses and roadmaps to the political quandaries in the Middle East, particularly with respect to Iran and Gulf Cooperation Council countries\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Direct measurements of interfacial adhesion in 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures in ambient air
Interfacial adhesion energy is a fundamental property of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials and van der Waals heterostructures due to their intrinsic ultrahigh surface to volume ratio, making adhesion forces very strong in many processes related to fabrication, integration and performance of devices incorporating 2D crystals. However, direct quantitative characterization of adhesion behavior of fresh and aged homo/heterointerfaces at nanoscale has remained elusive. Here, we use an atomic force microscopy technique to report precise adhesion measurements in ambient air through well-defined interactions of tip-attached 2D crystal nanomesas with 2D crystal and SiO
x
substrates. We quantify how different levels of short-range dispersive and long-range electrostatic interactions respond to airborne contaminants and humidity upon thermal annealing. We show that a simple but very effective precooling treatment can protect 2D crystal substrates against the airborne contaminants and thus boost the adhesion level at the interface of similar and dissimilar van der Waals heterostructures. Our combined experimental and computational analysis also reveals a distinctive interfacial behavior in transition metal dichalcogenides and graphite/SiO
x
heterostructures beyond the widely accepted van der Waals interaction.
Here, the authors devise an experimental method based on atomic force microscopy to precisely measure the interfacial adhesion energy of layered materials, van der Waals heterostructures and two-dimensional materials on SiO
2
substrates.
Journal Article