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Late leaf spot (LLS) is a major foliar disease that significantly reduces yield and compromises the quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). To identify genes conferring LLS resistance, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 257 lines from a cross between the susceptible cultivar Baisha 1016 and the resistant germplasm ICGV 86699 was analyzed using whole-genome resequencing. A high-density genetic map was constructed with 4908 bin markers, leading to the identification of 19 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for LLS resistance. A major QTL, qLLS.A02.1, was consistently detected on chromosome A02 across six environments, explaining up to 37.49% of the phenotypic variance. Fine mapping delimited the qLLS.A02.1 locus to a 319 kb region flanked by KASP markers S4 and S5, which contained a cluster of ten NBS-LRR genes. Validation in 266 accessions confirmed a significant association of these flanking markers with LLS resistance. Transcriptome analysis revealed that four NBS-LRR genes within the cluster were specifically upregulated in the resistant parent. This study provides valuable genetic resources and molecular markers for breeding LLS-resistant peanut varieties.

This research aimed to systematically identify and preliminarily validate the Hevea brasiliensis expressed sequence tag (EST) information using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and provide evidence for further development of SSR molecular marker. The definition of general SSR features of Hevea EST splicing sequences and development of SSR primers founded the basis of diversity analysis and variety identification for Hevea tree resource. 1134 SSR loci were identified in the EST splicing sequence and distributed in 840 Unigene. The occurrence rate of SSR loci was 23.9%, and the average distribution distance of EST-SSR was 2.59 kb. The major repeat type was mononucleotide repeat motif, which accounted for 38.89%, while the corresponding value was 36.95% for dinucleotide repeat motif and 18.17% for trinucleotide repeat motif; the proportion of other motifs was only 5.99%. The superior repeat motifs for mononucleotide, dinucleotide, and trinucleotide were A/T, AG/CT, and AAG/CTT, respectively. 739 pair of primers were designed for 1134 SSR loci. PCR amplification was performed on Hevea Reyan5-11, Reyan87-6-47, and PR107, and 180 pairs of primers were selected which were able to amplify polymorphism bands.

The representative samples were selected from Yuzong 5,and the methods of field planting and indoor measuring were employed for investigation and data processing on 894 plants of Yuzong 5.The results showed that the coefficients of variation about some traits of 894 plants were as follows: ear height(19.9%); panicle weight(35.1%); ear length(18.1%); ear row number(19.7%); number of kernels per row(22.5%); grain weight per panicle(36.3%); ear diameter(11.1%).It was found that there was large variation in these traits for various plants which could represent Yuzong 5 for glutinous variety improvement.

The representative samples were selected from Yuzong 5, and the methods of field planting and indoor measuring were employed for investigation and data processing on 894 plants of Yuzong 5. The results showed that the coefficients of variation about some traits of 894 plants were as follows: ear height (19.9%); panicle weight (35.1%); ear length (18.1%); ear row number (19.7%); number of kernels per row (22.5%); grain weight per panicle (36.3%); ear diameter (11.1%). It was found that there was large variation in these traits for various plants which could represent Yuzong 5 for glutinous variety improvement.

A large amount of carbon dust is generated in the process of aluminum smelting by molten salt electrolysis. The carbon dust is solid hazardous waste but contains a large quantity of recyclable components such as carbon and fluoride. How to recycle carbon dust more effectively is a challenge in the aluminum electrolysis field. In this study, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and other methods were used to analyze the phase composition of electrolytic aluminum carbon dust. The effects of particle size distribution of carbon dust, impeller speed, reagent addition, mixing time, and flotation time on the flotation recovery of carbon dust were studied. The optimal flotation conditions were obtained and the flotation products were analyzed. The results show that the optimal particle size distribution is 70% of particles below 200 mesh, corresponding to a grinding time of 11 min. The optimum speed of the flotation machine was to be between 1600 and 1800 r/min with the best slurry concentration of 20–30% and 5 min mixing time, and the collector kerosene was suitable for adding in batches. Under the above conditions, the recovered carbon powder with a carbon content of 75.6% was obtained, and the carbon recovery rate was 86.9%.

Owing to the excellent magnetic properties, Fe-based nanocrystalline alloys are one of promising materials. However, the magnetization–brittleness trade-off during heat treatment is a long-discussed topic. In this work, considering the real mass production environment, the special FeBCCu amorphous ribbons via oxygen regulation are synthesized, and their amorphous formation, magnetic properties and bending ductility are investigated. The large entropy of fusion and Gibbs free energy difference assist the surface crystallization of O-added alloy, which further confirmed that is closely associated with the Cu segregation on the surface of ribbons. Through isothermal stress-relieving annealing (ISRA), the crystalized O-added alloy manifests the good magnetization and bending ductility. Particularly for bending, the well-developed vein-like patterns accompanied with the melted liquid flow and the well-distributed shear bands on crease marks are identified, which effectively mitigates the brittle failure of ribbons. This work provides a feasible strategy to balance the magnetization and brittleness of nanocrystalline alloys via ISRA of surface-crystallized alloys.

The quantitative description and theoretical research on the stability of the electromagnetic field interfacial wave in aluminum electrolysis cells are the key to achieving high energy efficiency and operational safety. The magneto-hydrodynamics equations were established based on the theory of electromagnetics and hydrodynamics and applied to a 500-kA cell. The Fourier series expansion and finite element methods were used for modeling and simulation of interfacial stability. Detailed analysis was conducted on wave mode coupling regimes by custom code in MATLAB. Based on the characteristics of total modulus, a modal analysis method was proposed to clarify how anode–cathode distance (ACD) and length-width ratio of cells affected interfacial stability. The results indicate that the stability is enhanced as the increase of ACD for a 500-kA electrolysis cell and the critical ACD is derived as 0.041 m, which is preferable for stabilizing the cell and reducing energy consumption.

Despite the dominance of the blast furnace ironmaking process, more attention is being paid to the new technologies with lower energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. A novel flash ironmaking technology using pulverized coals and iron concentrates as raw materials, which is different from flash ironmaking with the reductive gas as the reducing agent, is studied. In order to obtain the flow patterns, temperature, and gas composition distribution, as well as particle trajectories in the reaction shaft of the flash ironmaking furnace, the Euler–Lagrangian model with a custom user defined function (UDF) code is used to simulate the processes of the fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, and chemical reactions, including the combustion reaction of pulverized coals and reduction reaction of iron concentrates. The results indicate that the flow patterns, temperature, and gas composition distributions present symmetrical distribution characteristics. The central oxygen expands rapidly after entering the reaction shaft and its distribution is approximately bell-shaped. The temperature distribution in the reaction shaft is wing-shaped. The maximum temperature, 2615 K, is reached at 5 m below the roof of the reaction shaft. The O2 is quickly consumed after entering the reaction shaft. At 6 m below the roof of the reaction shaft, the oxygen concentration becomes almost zero, with the CO concentration reaching the highest. The Fe2O3 and FeO in the iron concentrates are mostly reduced to Fe at 9 m below the roof of the reaction shaft, and more than 95 wt% iron particles could be obtained within 1.2–7.7 s.

The bulk density of the anodes affects the energy consumption and associated carbon emissions of the calcined anodes over the course of the Hall-Héroult process. The bulk density of the anode mainly depends on the compaction density of calcined coke particles. In this paper, the vibro-compacting process of calcined coke particles is simulated using discrete element method. The particle behavior during vibro-compacting process and the inter-particle contact information with different ratios of particle size grading are investigated. The effects of different ratios of particle size grading on the compaction density and microstructure are studied. The critical average diameter which can distinguish whether the compaction density meets standard requirement is first proposed and obtained. The triangular coordinate graphical is introduced to optimize the ratio of particle size grading which is different from conventional method. The results show that the larger the proportion of coarse particle and medium particle, the more large voids between particles, and the increase of fine particle can effectively fill the inter-particle gap. The critical average diameter of calcined coke particles is 2.26 mm, and average diameter less than 2.26 mm can meet the standard requirement. The optimal ratio of particle size grading is 46% for coarse particle, 12% for medium particle and 42% for fine particle.

Submicron-sized (~200 nm) aluminium boron carbide (Al8B4C7) particles were synthesised from Al, B4C and carbon black raw materials in a molten NaCl-based salt at a relatively low temperature. The effects of the salt type/assembly and the firing temperature on the synthesis process were examined, and the relevant reaction mechanisms discussed. The molten salt played an important role in the Al8B4C7 formation process. By using a combined salt of 95%NaCl + 5%NaF, an effective liquid reaction medium was formed, greatly facilitating the Al8B4C7 formation. As a result, essentially phase-pure Al8B4C7 was obtained after 6 h of firing at 1250 °C. This temperature was 350–550 °C lower than that required by the conventional direct reaction and thermal reduction methods.