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The current outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) poses unprecedented challenges to global health 1 . The new coronavirus responsible for this outbreak—severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—shares high sequence identity to SARS-CoV and a bat coronavirus, RaTG13 2 . Although bats may be the reservoir host for a variety of coronaviruses 3 , 4 , it remains unknown whether SARS-CoV-2 has additional host species. Here we show that a coronavirus, which we name pangolin-CoV, isolated from a Malayan pangolin has 100%, 98.6%, 97.8% and 90.7% amino acid identity with SARS-CoV-2 in the E, M, N and S proteins, respectively. In particular, the receptor-binding domain of the S protein of pangolin-CoV is almost identical to that of SARS-CoV-2, with one difference in a noncritical amino acid. Our comparative genomic analysis suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may have originated in the recombination of a virus similar to pangolin-CoV with one similar to RaTG13. Pangolin-CoV was detected in 17 out of the 25 Malayan pangolins that we analysed. Infected pangolins showed clinical signs and histological changes, and circulating antibodies against pangolin-CoV reacted with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. The isolation of a coronavirus from pangolins that is closely related to SARS-CoV-2 suggests that these animals have the potential to act as an intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2. This newly identified coronavirus from pangolins—the most-trafficked mammal in the illegal wildlife trade—could represent a future threat to public health if wildlife trade is not effectively controlled. A newly identified coronavirus found in Malayan pangolins shares considerable sequence identity with SARS-CoV-2, which suggests that the latter may have originated from a recombination event involving SARS-related coronaviruses from bats and pangolins.

In the context of rapid urbanization, leveraging community capital for health promotion to achieve sustainable community development has become a critical issue. This study examines 60 communities in Taipei City through a resource inventory, application analysis, and impact assessment to explore the effects of community capital and community building on sustainable development. Key findings include: Resource Inventory: The 60 communities identified a total of 3407 resources, averaging 68.14 resources per community. These resources encompass social capital (e.g., community organizations and volunteers), human capital (e.g., professional skills and education), physical capital (e.g., facilities and venues), and financial capital (e.g., funding and grants). Resource Application: of 752 resources applied, 48.5% were for teacher matching, and 24.7% for venue borrowing, highlighting a high demand for these resources in health promotion. Regression Analysis: The results show that social capital (β = 0.35, p < 0.01) and human capital (β = 0.29, p < 0.05) significantly enhance community sustainability. Additionally, the frequency of community-building activities (β = 0.31, p < 0.01) positively correlates with sustainable development. Overall, the study confirms the importance of community capital and community building in fostering sustainable development, emphasizing the need to enhance social and human capital for community health and sustainability.

Mammalian innate immune sensor STING ( ST imulator of IN terferon G ene) was recently found to originate from bacteria. During phage infection, bacterial STING sense c-di-GMP generated by the CD-NTase (cGAS/DncV-like nucleotidyltransferase) encoded in the same operon and signal suicide commitment as a defense strategy that restricts phage propagation. However, the precise binding mode of c-di-GMP to bacterial STING and the specific recognition mechanism are still elusive. Here, we determine two complex crystal structures of bacterial STING/c-di-GMP, which provide a clear picture of how c-di-GMP is distinguished from other cyclic dinucleotides. The protein-protein interactions further reveal the driving force behind filament formation of bacterial STING. Finally, we group the bacterial STING into two classes based on the conserved motif in β-strand lid, which dictate their ligand specificity and oligomerization mechanism, and propose an evolution-based model that describes the transition from c-di-GMP-dependent signaling in bacteria to 2’3’-cGAMP-dependent signaling in eukaryotes. The bacterial Cyclic-oligonucleotide-Based Anti-phage Signaling System (CBASS) contains a CD-NTase that synthesizes cyclic di- and tri-nucleotides, and bacterial STING proteins recognize c-di-GMP generated by CD-NTase during phage infection and signal the infected bacteria to commit suicide. Here, the authors provide insights into the molecular basis for c-di-GMP recognition of bacterial STING proteins by determining two STING protein crystal structures with bound c-di-GMP from Prevotella corporis and Myroides sp . ZB35.

Intrinsic polymer room-temperature phosphorescence (IPRTP) materials have attracted considerable attention for application in flexible electronics, information encryption, lighting displays, and other fields due to their excellent processabilities and luminescence properties. However, achieving multicolor long-lived luminescence, particularly white afterglow, in undoped polymers is challenging. Herein, we propose a strategy of covalently coupling different conjugated chromophores with poly(acrylic acid (AA)-AA-N-succinimide ester) (PAA-NHS) by a simple and rapid one-pot reaction to obtain pure polymers with long-lived RTPs of various colors. Among these polymers, the highest phosphorescence quantum yield of PAPHE reaches 14.7%. Furthermore, the afterglow colors of polymers can be modulated from blue to red by introducing three chromophores into them. Importantly, the acquired polymer TPAP-514 exhibits a white afterglow at room temperature with the chromaticity coordinates (0.33, 0.33) when the ratio of chromophores reaches a suitable value owing to the three-primary-color mechanism. Systematic studies prove that the emission comes from the superposition of different triplet excited states of the three components. Moreover, the potential applications of the obtained polymers in light-emitting diodes and dynamic anti-counterfeiting are explored. The proposed strategy provides a new idea for constructing intrinsic polymers with diverse white-light emission RTPs. It is challenging to achieve multicolor long-lived room temperature phosphorescence in intrinsic polymers, especially for white afterglow. Here, the authors report a strategy to obtain pure white afterglow micro-crosslinked polymers by covalently coupling different conjugated chromophores with precursors through a simple and rapid one-pot reaction.

Melanoma is a highly malignant tumor, with its initiation and progression tightly linked to the aberrant activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. As a critical negative regulator of the MAPK pathway, SPRED1 frequently exhibits genomic alteration in melanoma, including gene deletions and mutations, which lead to its functional inactivation. Consequently, the loss of SPRED1 -mediated inhibition on the MAPK pathway significantly drives tumorigenesis and progression, enhances invasive and metastatic capacities, and is closely associated with therapeutic resistance. This article systematically reviews the structure and biological functions of SPRED1 , its mutation profiles across different melanoma subtypes, and its regulatory mechanisms on the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, it discusses the associations of SPRED1 alteration with tumor malignant progression, as well as resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical basis for the precise diagnosis, treatment, and fundamental research of melanoma.

Background Neuroinflammation has been considered to be a driving force of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the association between peripheral immunity and AD has been rarely investigated. Methods Separate regression analyses were conducted to explore the associations among peripheral immune markers and cognition, neuroimaging, and AD pathology. Causal mediation analyses were used to investigate whether the associations with cognition were mediated by AD pathology. Results A total of 1107 participants (43.9% female, mean age of 73.2 years) from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were included. Regression analyses indicated that elevated neutrophils (NEU) count and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were associated with lower levels of global cognition, memory function (MEM), and executive function (EF), and reduced brain metabolism by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) as well as greater ventricular volume. An elevated NLR was associated with a lower level of β-amyloid (Aβ) and a higher level of total tau (T-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), smaller hippocampal volume (HV), and lesser entorhinal cortex (EC) thickness. On the contrary, an elevated level of lymphocytes (LYM) was associated with a higher level of Aβ and a lower level of T-tau in CSF, better cognition, and less atrophy of brain regions (ventricular volume, HV, and EC thickness). The associations of LYM and NLR with cognition were mediated by Aβ and T-tau pathology (proportion: 18%~64%; p < 0.05). Conclusions We revealed that two types of peripheral immune cells (NEU and LYM) and the ratio of these two cell types (NLR) had associations with cognition, neuroimaging, and AD pathology. The associations might be mediated by Aβ and tau pathology.

Recently, the major challenge in treating osteosarcoma patients is the metastatic disease, most commonly in the lungs. However, the underlying mechanism of recurrence and metastasis of osteosarcoma after surgical resection of primary tumor remains unclear. This study aims to investigate whether the pulmonary metastases characteristic of osteosarcoma is associated with surgical treatment and whether surgery contributes to the formation of pre‐metastatic niche in the distant lung tissue. In the current study, the authors observe the presence of circulating tumor cells in patients undergoing surgical resection of osteosarcoma which is correlated to tumor recurrence. The pulmonary infiltrations of neutrophils and Gr‐1 + myeloid cells are characterized to form a pre‐metastatic niche upon the exposure of circulating tumor cells after surgical resection. It is found that mitochondrial damage‐associated molecular patterns released from surgical resection contribute to the formation of pre‐metastatic niche in lung through IL‐1β secretion. This study reveals that surgical management for osteosarcoma, irrespective of the primary tumor, might promote the formation of postoperative pre‐metastatic niche in lung which is with important implications for developing rational therapies during peri‐operative period.

The traditional concept of “tonic food” and demand for traditional Chinese medicine make pangolins the largest population of illegally smuggled mammals in the world. Illegal hunting and trade are not only responsible for the sharp decline in pangolin populations but also provide conditions for pathogenic transmission. In 2021, we rescued 21 confiscated unhealthy Malayan pangolins, none of which survived. This study aimed to investigate the reasons for their unexpected deaths and the potential pathogens that may be transmitted during smuggling. Physical examination found that more than 80% pangolins were parasitized with A . javanense ticks. Autopsy and pathological staining analysis revealed multiple organ damage in the deceased pangolins. Pathogens nucleic acid detection of 33 tick samples showed that the positive rate of Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. Babesia spp., and Colpodella spp. were 90.91%, 6.06%, 6.06%, 15.15% and 18.18%, respectively. Furthermore, pangolin samples were positive for Rickettsia spp. (42.86%, 9/21), Ehrlichia sp. (4.76%, 1/21), and Babesia sp. (4.76%, 1/21). This study confirmed that spotted fever triggered by Rickettsia spp. from A . javanense might accelerate the most death of confiscated pangolins, while Ehrlichia sp., and Babesia sp. infection potentially accelerating a few deaths. Of note, A . javanense ticks carrying Colpodella spp. were detected for the first time in Malayan pangolins. However, whether Colpodella spp. are pathogenic to pangolins is unknown. Further research on the diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, and elimination of ticks and tick-borne diseases in humans, livestock, and wildlife should provide insight into wildlife conservation and zoonotic disease prevention.

2D transition metal dichalcogenide materials have attracted increasing attention as active surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platforms. In this study, the influence of n‐ and p‐type doping of exfoliated MoS2 (exMoS2) hybrids on the SERS performance is investigated, employing Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a probe molecule. It is demonstrated that n‐doped exMoS2 hybrids (exMoS2 mixed with C60, graphene, and sodium dodecyl sulfate) exhibit enhanced SERS intensities, while p‐doping (exMoS2 mixed with TCNQ) resulted in inhibited SERS enhancement. A key discovery is the linear relationship between Raman enhancement of MoS2/dopant hybrids and the difference in their LUMO energy levels, which dictate the degree and direction of charge transfer. Interestingly, MC60‐4, a C60‐doped hybrid, deviates from the linear relationship, displaying remarkable SERS enhancement owing to its chemical interaction and unique Raman scattering activity. The findings provide critical insights into the SERS enhancement behavior of doped MoS2, facilitating precise tuning of SERS intensities by manipulating the MoS2 doping state. N‐ and P‐doped MoS2 can improve or inhibit Raman enhancement via charge transfer (CT) mechanism with Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as the probe molecule. The highest occupied molecular orbital of MoS2 shifts up to reduce the extra energy required for CT from MoS2 to R6G in n‐doped hybrids, and vice versa for p‐doped hybrids. Moreover, the Raman enhancement of doped MoS2 hybrids linearly depends on their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital difference.

With the increasing scale of energy storage, it is urgently demanding for further advancements on battery technologies in terms of energy density, cost, cycle life and safety. The development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) not only relies on electrodes, but also the functional electrolyte systems to achieve controllable formation of solid electrolyte interphase and high ionic conductivity. In order to satisfy the needs of higher energy density, high-voltage (> 4.3 V) cathodes such as Li-rich layered compounds, olivine LiNiPO 4 , spinel LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 have been extensively studied. However, high-voltage cathode-based LIBs fade rapidly mainly owing to the anodic decomposition of electrolytes, gradually thickening of interfacial passivation layer and vast irreversible capacity loss, hence encountering huge obstacle toward practical applications. To tackle this roadblock, substantial progress has been made toward oxidation-resistant electrolytes to block its side reaction with high-voltage cathodes. In this review, we discuss degradation mechanisms of electrolytes at electrolyte/cathode interface and ideal requirements of electrolytes for high-voltage cathode, as well as summarize recent advances of oxidation-resistant electrolyte optimization mainly from solvents and additives. With these insights, it is anticipated that development of liquid electrolyte tolerable to high-voltage cathode will boost the large-scale practical applications of high-voltage cathode-based LIBs.