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Identifying individuals is key to estimating population sizes by spatial capture–recapture, but identification errors are sometimes made. The most common identification error is the failure to recognise a previously detected individual, thus creating a ‘ghost’ Johansson. This results in positively biased abundance estimates. Ghosts typically manifest as single detection individuals (‘singletons’) in the capture history. To deal with ghosts, we develop a spatial capture–recapture method conditioned on at least K detections. The standard spatial capture–recapture (SCR) model is the special case of K=1. Ghosts can mostly be excluded by fitting a model with K=2 (SCR‐2). We investigated the effect of ‘singleton’ ghosts on the estimation of the model parameters by simulation. The SCR method increasingly overestimated abundance with increasing percentage of ghosts, with positive bias even when only 10% of the detected individuals were ghosts, and bias between 43% and 71% when 30% were ghosts. Estimates from the SCR‐2 method showed lower bias in the presence of ghosts, at the cost of a loss of precision. The mean squared error of the estimated abundance from the SCR‐2 method was lower in all scenarios with ghosts under high encounter rates and for scenarios with 30% or more ghosts with low encounter rates. We also applied our method to capture histories from camera trap surveys of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) at two sites from Mongolia and find that the SCR method produced higher abundance estimates at both sites. Capture histories are susceptible to errors when generated from passive detectors such as camera traps and genetic samples. The SCR‐2 method can remove bias from ghost capture histories, at the cost of some loss in precision. We recommend using the SCR‐2 method in cases when there may be more than 10% ghosts or surveys with a large number of single detection capture histories, except perhaps when the sample size is very low.

The statement that serves as the epigraph to this chapter, made by a longtime Montgomery County resident named Jimmie Shaw, showcases the persistence of memories of racialized violence and trauma in Montgomery County, Texas. The courthouse was routinely the site of racialized violence and trauma in Conroe. It was where Joe Winters was burned and where Bob White and Gregory Steele were shot, thirty-two years apart. Family members and friends have passed down the oral tradition of racialized trauma to younger generations of Black Conroe residents. In areas such as Tamina, a Black freedmen’s settlement, and The Woodlands, a master-planned

The human mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM is essential for DNA packaging as well as transcription. X-ray analysis of TFAM in complex with a mitochondrial promoter reveals that TFAM induces a 180-degree bend in the DNA, which creates an optimal DNA arrangement for transcription initiation, while facilitating DNA compaction of the mitochondrial genome elsewhere. Human mitochondrial transcription factor A, TFAM, is essential for mitochondrial DNA packaging and maintenance and also has a crucial role in transcription. Crystallographic analysis of TFAM in complex with an oligonucleotide containing the mitochondrial light strand promoter (LSP) revealed two high-mobility group (HMG) protein domains that, through different DNA recognition properties, intercalate residues at two inverted DNA motifs. This induced an overall DNA bend of ~180°, stabilized by the interdomain linker. This U-turn allows the TFAM C-terminal tail, which recruits the transcription machinery, to approach the initiation site, despite contacting a distant DNA sequence. We also ascertained that structured protein regions contacting DNA in the crystal were highly flexible in solution in the absence of DNA. Our data suggest that TFAM bends LSP to create an optimal DNA arrangement for transcriptional initiation while facilitating DNA compaction elsewhere in the genome.

Some might think it appropriate that the flamboyant former Van Halen singer would start with a fishing reference. Those people would think the widely reported tale of [David Lee Roth] holding off an armed intruder at gunpoint in April smells a bit fishy. He said he responded by grabbing his shotgun, running outside and demanding that the intruder lie down. \"Halfway through the police call he says in this plaintive little voice, 'Excuse me, but I'm a little thirsty. Do you have a soda?'\" Roth laughed. \"It was then I realized my life was no longer truly in danger. As police arrived, another call came from Roth's residence saying a person outside was yelling to call the police. Officers found Roth pointing a finger, but no gun, at a man lying in the yard, Pope said. A large folding knife was found nearby and the trespasser was arrested for drug possession.

It's been one public relations nightmare after another for famous Mikes recently. And while Mr. Jordan hasn't driven his publicist insane, that may not be the case for Jacko and Iron Mike. Jacko set the bar pretty high last fall when he dangled his baby boy from a hotel balcony, just months after he used a photo of former Sony chief Tommy Mottola -- complete with drawn-in devil horns -- as his main prop to protest the alleged anti-[Michael Jackson] conspiracy at Sony. Answers: 1. Iron Mike; 2. Jacko; 3. Iron Mike; 4. Jacko; 5. Jacko song lyric; 6. Iron Mike.

INTRODUCTION Practice effects (PEs) are a well‐known potential confound in natural history studies of longitudinal cognitive decline in aging and early‐stage Alzheimer's disease. The implication of PEs on Alzheimer's disease clinical trials is less well understood, although we have previously speculated that a “run‐in” period of repeated cognitive assessments prior to randomization may improve the efficiency of clinical trials [Jacobs et al. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2017;3(4):531‐535]. We have also described how the performance of composite outcome measures depends on parameters that may be influenced by PEs. METHODS To investigate this, we used the cognitive battery within the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) Uniform Data Set to characterize the potential impact of PEs on clinical trial design and outcome measures. The analysis restricted to N = 1094 amnestic mild cognitively impaired participants with 3 years of follow‐up data. Linear mixed effects models estimate the magnitude of PEs observed in aMCI participants. Power calculations informed by the pattern of progression in the NACC sample were used to describe the net impact of PEs on trials with and without a run‐in phase. Weighting parameters of optimal composite measures constructed from the NACC battery were also compared. RESULTS PEs were large, often exceeding the magnitude of annual rate of change observed in later assessments. Annualized rate of change, and therefore target treatment effect sufficient to achieve a specified percentage reduction in rate of decline, was larger after run‐in. Sample size projections for the run‐in design were a fraction of those required for trials without run‐in. Weighting parameters that optimize composite outcome performance were also different for the two designs, underscoring the importance of considering design in the construction of composite outcomes. DISCUSSION Clinical trials randomizing after a run‐in period measure treatment efficacy relative to decline unbiased by PEs, and require smaller sample size. Highlights In the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) cohort practice effects often exceed annualized rate of change. Run‐in clinical trial designs can be used to extinguish practice effects. Rate of decline after run‐in is faster and unbiased by practice effects. Run‐in designs correctly target the most clinically relevant outcome signal. Practice effects also impact weighting of optimal composite measures.

According to the USPSTF, which one of the following behaviors or factors makes J.S. a candidate for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)? According to the USPSTF, which one of the following statements about PrEP is correct? A. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is the only medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use as PrEP. The correct answer is D. The USPSTF considers the following to be some of the factors that can put a person at high risk of HIV infection and make them a candidate for PrEP: having a sex partner who is living with HIV or having anal or vaginal intercourse without a condom with a partner whose HIV status is unknown and who is in a high-risk category.2 PrEP should be considered as an option to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition in people who use condoms inconsistently, and physicians should continue to encourage and support consistent condom use.

Belief systems matter for all kinds of human social interaction. People have individual cognitions and feelings concerning processes in their environment, which is why they may evaluate them differently. Belief systems can be visualized with cognitive-affective maps (CAMs; as reported by Thagard (in: McGregor (ed) EMPATHICA: A computer support system with visual representations for cognitive-affective mapping, AAAI Press, CA, 2010)). However, it is unclear whether CAMs can be constructed in an intersubjective way by different researchers attempting to map the beliefs of a third party based on qualitative text data. To scrutinize this question, we combined qualitative strategies and quantitative methods of text and network analysis in a case study examining belief networks about participation. Our data set consists of 10 sets of two empirical CAMs: the first CAM was created based on participants’ freely associating concepts related to participation in education (N = 10), the second one was created based on given text data which the participants represented as a CAM following a standardized instruction manual (N = 10). Both CAM-types were compared along three dimensions of similarity (network similarity, concept association similarity, affective similarity). On all dimensions of similarity, there was substantially higher intersubjective agreement in the text-based CAMs than in the free CAMs, supporting the viability of cognitive affective mapping as an intersubjective research method for studying the emotional coherence of belief systems and discursive knowledge. In addition, this study highlights the potential for identifying group-level differences based on how participants associate concepts.

Recent studies have highlighted the association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and cardiometabolic diseases, leading to an improved understanding of the underlying mechanistic factors. PCOS significantly increases cardiovascular risk by predisposing individuals to various subclinical and clinical conditions, including atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, it interacts synergistically with other traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. Several molecular mechanisms involving genetics, epigenetics, adipokine secretion, hyperandrogenemia, and hyperinsulinemia play a role in the relationship between PCOS and these comorbidities. For instance, androgen excess has been implicated in the development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, endothelial dysfunction, and ultimately, broader cardiovascular disease. A deeper understanding of these underlying mechanisms facilitates the development of diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic strategies directed at reducing cardiometabolic morbidity. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence, explores the potential clinical implications of these findings, and discusses emerging therapies to reduce cardiometabolic morbidity in women with PCOS.