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"Howard, Jennifer"
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Protecting irrecoverable carbon in Earth’s ecosystems
Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires rapid decarbonization and improved ecosystem stewardship. To achieve the latter, ecosystems should be prioritized by responsiveness to direct, localized action and the magnitude and recoverability of their carbon stores. Here, we show that a range of ecosystems contain ‘irrecoverable carbon’ that is vulnerable to release upon land use conversion and, once lost, is not recoverable on timescales relevant to avoiding dangerous climate impacts. Globally, ecosystems highly affected by human land-use decisions contain at least 260 Gt of irrecoverable carbon, with particularly high densities in peatlands, mangroves, old-growth forests and marshes. To achieve climate goals, we must safeguard these irrecoverable carbon pools through an expanded set of policy and finance strategies.In order to limit warming and the most severe consequences of climate change, net global carbon emissions must reach zero by 2050. Many ecosystems contain carbon that would be irrecoverable on this timescale if lost and must be protected to meet climate goals.
Journal Article
The Hunger Games
Set in a future where the Capitol selects a boy and girl from the twelve districts to fight to the death on live television. Katniss Everdeen volunteers to take her younger sister's place for the latest match.
DVD
Decision to Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, Part I: A Qualitative Investigation of Psychosocial Factors
Return-to-sport criteria after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury are often based on \"satisfactory\" functional and patient-reported outcomes. However, an individual's decision to return to sport is likely multifactorial; psychological and physical readiness to return may not be synonymous.
To determine the psychosocial factors that influence the decision to return to sport in athletes 1 year post-ACL reconstruction (ACLR).
Qualitative study.
Academic medical center.
Twelve participants (6 males, 6 females) were purposefully chosen from a large cohort. Participants were a minimum of 1-year postsurgery and had been active in competitive athletics preinjury.
Data were collected via semistructured interviews. Qualitative analysis using a descriptive phenomenologic process, horizontalization, was used to derive categories and themes that represented the data. The dynamic-biopsychosocial model was used as a theoretical framework to guide this study.
Six predominant themes emerged that described the participants' experiences after ACLR: (1) hesitation and lack of confidence led to self-limiting tendencies, (2) awareness was heightened after ACLR, (3) expectations and assumptions about the recovery process influenced the decision to return to sport after ACLR, (4) coming to terms with ACL injury led to a reprioritization, (5) athletic participation helped reinforce intrinsic personal characteristics, and (6) having a strong support system both in and out of rehabilitation was a key factor in building a patient's confidence. We placed themes into components of the dynamic-biopsychosocial model to better understand how they influenced the return to sport.
After ACLR, the decision to return to sport was largely influenced by psychosocial factors. Factors including hesitancy, lack of confidence, and fear of reinjury are directly related to knee function and have the potential to be addressed in the rehabilitation setting. Other factors, such as changes in priorities or expectations, may be independent of physical function but remain relevant to the patient-clinician relationship and should be considered during postoperative rehabilitation.
Journal Article
Mindfulness Matters: Use and Perceptions of Mindfulness Practices Among Athletic Trainers
Mindfulness practices are effective for injury or illness recovery, decreasing stress and anxiety, and strengthening emotional resilience. They are also beneficial for health care professionals' wellbeing and improving patient outcomes and safety. However, mindfulness has not been studied in athletic trainers.
To investigate athletic trainers' use of mindfulness practices and their perceptions of its importance for self-care and patient or client care.
Cross-sectional study.
All athletic training practice settings.
A total of 547 athletic trainers who were currently practicing completed the survey.
We developed an 18-item survey that measured use (1 = never to 6 = very frequently) and perceptions (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree) of mindfulness practices. Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis tests with post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed to assess differences in use (P < .05). A related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test was calculated to assess differences in participants' perceptions between self-care and patient or client care.
Overall, 86% (n = 471) of respondents reported involvement in some form of mindfulness practice, with females (median [interquartile range] = 4 [2-5] versus males: 3 [2-4]; P < .002), those not in a committed relationship (4 [2-5] versus those in such a relationship: 3 [2-4]; P = .048), and those without children in the home (4 [2-5] versus those with children in the home: 3 [2-4]; P = .040) describing the highest frequency of use for self-care. Females (4 [2-4] versus males: 3 [2-4]; P < .001), those without children in the home (3 [2-4] versus those with children in the home: 3 [2-4]; P = .036), and those in emerging (4 [2-4]; P = .003) or collegiate (3 [2-4]; P = .006) settings most frequently incorporated mindfulness into patient or client care. Overall frequency of use for self-care was higher than for patient or client care (4 = occasionally [2-4] versus 3 = rarely [2-4]; P < .001). Mindfulness practices were perceived as more important for self-care than for patient or client care (6 [5-7] versus 5 [5-6]; P < .001).
Athletic trainers perceived mindfulness practices as more important for personal wellbeing and used them, albeit occasionally, more for self-care than for patient or client care. Differences in gender, relationship status, children, and setting were observed. Mindfulness-based interventions for athletic trainer wellbeing and patient-centered care and implementation barriers should be explored.
Journal Article
The Persistence of Flexible Organizational Routines: The Role of Agency and Organizational Context
Once regarded as stable and inflexible, organizational routines are increasingly seen as capable of being adapted to the situation at hand and a potentially important source of endogenous change in organizations. This paper considers why routines that are performed flexibly may nonetheless persist over time. Drawing on data from participant observation of a high-tech manufacturing company, I identify factors that contribute to both the flexibility and persistence of a routine. First, individuals and groups approach routines with different intentions and orientations, suggesting that agency shapes particular routine performances. Second, routine performances are embedded in an organizational context that, while it may not restrict the flexible use of a routine, may constrain its ongoing adaptation. Finally, accounting for the relative power of individuals sheds light on the interaction between agency and context in routine performance and explains why the actions of some individuals, but not others, can change routines. This paper draws on recent work that conceptualizes routines as ongoing accomplishments, and it extends it by identifying how actors and contexts shape both individual performances of routines and contribute to their persistence or change over time.
Journal Article
Environmental impact on direct neuronal reprogramming in vivo in the adult brain
Direct reprogramming of non-neuronal cells to generate new neurons is a promising approach to repair damaged brains. Impact of the
in vivo
environment on neuronal reprogramming, however, is poorly understood. Here we show that regional differences and injury conditions have significant influence on the efficacy of reprogramming and subsequent survival of the newly generated neurons in the adult rodent brain. A combination of local exposure to growth factors and retrovirus-mediated overexpression of the neurogenic transcription factor Neurogenin2 can induce new neurons from non-neuronal cells in the adult neocortex and striatum where neuronal turnover is otherwise very limited. These two regions respond to growth factors and Neurogenin2 differently and instruct new neurons to exhibit distinct molecular phenotypes. Moreover, ischaemic insult differentially affects differentiation of new neurons in these regions. These results demonstrate strong environmental impact on direct neuronal reprogramming
in vivo
.
A combination of growth factors and the transcription factor Neurogenin2 has been shown to enhance the production of new neurons from endogenous cells. Here Grande
et al.
demonstrate in a rat brain injury model that these factors reprogramme non-neuronal cells into different neuronal phenotypes at distinct efficiencies depending on the environment the cells reside in.
Journal Article
Neural-Targeted Rehabilitation Strategies to Address Neuroplasticity After Joint Injury
In patients with musculoskeletal injury, changes have been observed within the central nervous system that contribute to altered movement planning. This maladaptive neuroplasticity potentially explains the clinical disconnect where residual neuromuscular dysfunction and high rates of reinjury are often observed even after individuals clear return-to-activity functional testing. An improved understanding of these neural changes could therefore serve as a guide for facilitating a more complete recovery and minimizing risk of reinjury. Therefore, we propose a paradigm of neural-targeted rehabilitation to augment commonly used therapeutic techniques targeting sensorimotor function to better address maladaptive plasticity. Although most treatments have the capability to modify neural function, optimizing these treatments and combining them with integrative therapies (eg, implementation of motor learning strategies, transcranial direct current stimulation) may enhance neural efficiency and facilitate return to activity in patients with musculoskeletal injury. To complete this model, consideration of affective aspects of movement and associated interventions must also be considered to improve the durability of these changes.
Journal Article
Cultural Molding, Shielding, and Shoring at Oilco: The Role of Culture in the Integration of Routines
We explore how organizational culture shapes an organization’s integration and enactment of an external routine that is not a cultural fit. Attending to employees’ use of culture as a repertoire of strategies of action, we found that the use of familiar cultural strategies of action shaped the routine’s artifacts and expectations even before it was performed, a process we call
cultural molding
. Subsequently, employees drew differently on cultural strategies of action as they performed the routine, generating patterns of workarounds or hindered performances. In response to these patterns, they undertook additional cultural work to either shield their workarounds and protect them from scrutiny or shore up hindered performances. We contribute to the routine dynamics literature by highlighting the effortful cultural work involved in integrating coveted routines, furthering our understanding of routines as truces and the embeddedness of routines.
Journal Article
Videofluoroscopic swallow study abnormalities identify aerodigestive disorders in dogs with respiratory disease versus healthy controls
Background Aerodigestive diseases (AeroD) pathologically link respiratory and alimentary tracts. Dogs with respiratory signs lacking dysphagia, vomiting, or regurgitation typically do not undergo diagnostic testing that identifies comorbid alimentary disease. A videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) identifies defects in swallowing, reflux, and aspiration. Objectives/Hypothesis We hypothesized that dogs with respiratory and no alimentary disease (RESP) would have significantly more abnormal VFSS metrics versus controls (CON). We hypothesized RESP dogs with pulmonary parenchymal disease would have more reflux and higher penetration‐aspiration score (PAS) than those with airway disease. Animals Client‐owned dogs: RESP (n = 45) and CON (n = 15) groups. Methods Prospectively, all dogs underwent VFSS. The RESP dogs had advanced respiratory diagnostic testing. Eight subjective and 3 objective VFSS metrics (pharyngeal constriction ratio [PCR], PAS, and esophageal transit time [ETT]) were assessed. Fisher's exact test compared differences between groups (presence or absence of VFSS abnormalities). The Mann‐Whitney rank sum test was used to compare PCR and PAS. Results Subjective VFSS abnormalities were present in 34/45 (75%) RESP and 2/15 (13%) CON dogs, with RESP dogs significantly more likely to have VFSS abnormalities (P = .01). No difference in PCR was found between groups. Pathologic PAS was more common in RESP than CON dogs (P = .03). The RESP dogs with airway disease had higher PAS than CON dogs (P = .01) but not RESP dogs with parenchymal disease (P = .25). Conclusions Most (75%) RESP dogs had VFSS abnormalities, emphasizing that AeroD are common. The VFSS has value in diagnostic evaluation of respiratory disease.
Journal Article