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"Howard, Robert"
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Frontiers of evangelization : Indians in the Sierra Gorda and Chiquitos missions
\"Comparing the Franciscan missionary region of Sierra Gorda (Mexico) with the Jesuit missions of Chiquitos (Bolivia), Jackson argues that the two Catholic orders differed more in the organization of their missions and their role in the larger colonial system than in their methods of evangelization. The true point of difference between the two areas was whether or not their native groups were sedentary, as in the case of the Guaraní of Chiquitos, or non-sedentary, as were the Pames and Jonaces of the Sierra Gorda. Drawing upon his decades of archival research, Jackson concludes that non-sedentary populations were more prone to demographic collapse once they were brought into the mission system, whereas sedentary groups experienced more robust growth and were better able to weather mortality brought by disease or natural disaster\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between peripheral inflammatory cytokines and generalised anxiety disorder
ObjectiveInflammation has been implicated in the aetiology of mental illness. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between peripheral markers of inflammation and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of studies measuring peripheral cytokine levels in people with GAD compared with controls.Data sourcesMEDLINE (1950–), EMBASE (1947–), PsycINFO (1872–) and Web of Science (1945–) databases up until January 2018.Eligibility criteriaPrimary, quantitative research studies of people with a diagnosis of GAD assessed using a standardised clinical interview that measured peripheral inflammatory markers.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers extracted data and assessed study quality. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model was conducted for individual cytokines where data from three or more studies were available.Results14 of 1718 identified studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 1188 patients with GAD and 10 623 controls. In total 16 cytokines were evaluated. Significantly raised levels of C reactive protein (CRP), interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α were reported in patients with GAD compared with controls in two or more studies. Ten further proinflammatory cytokines were reported to be significantly raised in GAD in at least one study. However, 5 of 14 studies found no difference in the levels of at least one cytokine. Only CRP studies reported sufficient data for meta-analysis. CRP was significantly higher in people with GAD compared with controls, with a small effect size (Cohen’s d=0.38, 0.06–0.69), comparable with that reported in schizophrenia. However, heterogeneity was high (I2=75%), in keeping with meta-analyses of inflammation in other psychiatric conditions and reflecting differences in participant medication use, comorbid depression and cytokine sampling methodology.ConclusionThere is preliminary evidence to suggest an inflammatory response in GAD, but it remains unclear whether inflammatory cytokines play a role in the aetiology. GAD remains a poorly studied area of neuroinflammation compared with other mental disorders, and further longitudinal studies are required.
Journal Article
Antidepressant medications in dementia: evidence and potential mechanisms of treatment-resistance
Depression in dementia is common, disabling and causes significant distress to patients and carers. Despite widespread use of antidepressants for depression in dementia, there is no evidence of therapeutic efficacy, and their use is potentially harmful in this patient group. Depression in dementia has poor outcomes and effective treatments are urgently needed. Understanding why antidepressants are ineffective in depression in dementia could provide insight into their mechanism of action and aid identification of new therapeutic targets. In this review we discuss why depression in dementia may be a distinct entity, current theories of how antidepressants work and how these mechanisms of action may be affected by disease processes in dementia. We also consider why clinicians continue to prescribe antidepressants in dementia, and novel approaches to understand and identify effective treatments for patients living with depression and dementia.
Journal Article
The weird tales of Conan the Barbarian
\"Before he conquered books, comics, and movies, Robert E. Howard's immortal character Conan the Cimmerian was born in the pages of the pulp magazine Weird Tales. Reprinted as they originally appeared in that legendary publication from 1934 to 1936, this ferocious anthology gathers many of the barbarian's most famous adventures. Featured tales include \"Red Nails,\" the tale of a lost city and its corrupt inhabitants; \"The Hour of the Dragon,\" recounting an attempt to depose Conan as king of Aquilonia; \"Queen of the Black Coast,\" a saga of piracy and plunder; and \"Beyond the Black River,\" in which Conan battles the Hyborian Picts. Additional stories include \"Shadows in the Moonlight,\" \"The Devil in Iron,\" \"The Jewels of Gwahlur,\" and \"Shadows in Zamboula.\" \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Text + Field
Rhetorical critics have long had a troubled relationship with method, viewing it as at times opening up provocative avenues of inquiry, and at other times as closing off paths toward meaningful engagement with texts. Text + Field shifts scholarly attention from this conflicted history, looking instead to the growing number of scholars who are supplementing text-based scholarship by venturing out into the field, where rhetoric is produced, enacted, and consumed.
These field-based practices involve observation, ethnographic interviews, and performance. They are not intended to displace text-based approaches; rather, they expand the idea of method by helping rhetorical scholars arrive at new and complementary answers to long-standing disciplinary questions about text, context, audience, judgment, and ethics.
The first volume in rhetoric and communication to directly address the relevance, processes, and implications of using field methods to augment traditional scholarship, Text + Field provides a framework for adapting these new tools to traditional rhetorical inquiry.
Aside from the editors, the contributors are Roberta Chevrette, Kathleen M. de Onís, Danielle Endres, Joshua P. Ewalt, Alina Haliliuc, Aaron Hess, Jamie Landau, Michael Middleton, Tiara R. Na'puti, Jessy J. Ohl, Phaedra C. Pezzullo, Damien Smith Pfister, Samantha Senda-Cook, Lisa Silvestri, and Valerie Thatcher.
eBook
Mapping the outer reaches of the learning curve: Complex intellectual skill performance after decades of extensive practice
Little is known about the outer reaches of learning curves for very complex cognitive skills exercised over decades. Can skill performance improve as long as practice lasts or do all learners ultimately plateau? Furthermore, does natural talent set widely varying performance limits or do all learning curves eventually converge? Chess skill learning curves were examined for 333 players, mostly grandmasters, who, over a median 20 years, played at least 1500 internationally-rated games. Curves of nine of the 333 participants who played more than 3050 games, and one of the 333 and two others who played more than 4250 games over more than 30 years, also were examined. Players on average reached an approximate plateau by around 1200 games. This asymptotic value has changed little from the 1990s despite massive changes in the chess environment. Out to more than 3050 or 4250 games, players stayed at an approximate plateau for many games and years and then performance eventually declined. Chess skill learning curves do not rise forever. Over extensive practice lasting decades, they typically plateau for a long time and eventually decline. The more talented tend to plateau later and curves of the greater and lesser talented do not converge.
Journal Article
Applying wisdom to contemporary world problems
\"This book presents perspectives from world experts in the field of wisdom studies to propose how wisdom can provide the foundation upon which solutions to social and global problems can be grounded. The authors argue that where society has come to rely on leaders with skills relating to knowledge and intelligence; instead we should focus on wisdom-based acumen for our leaders in government, business, and the military. In this book the authors offer evidence-based definitions of wisdom and apply these to world problems they believe could potentially be solved using wise solutions. Among the case studies confronted are terrorism and war, poverty and economic disparity, climate change, increased antibiotic resistance and political corruption. Focusing on the cognitive, social and emotional processes involved in everyday decision-making, this book presents a compelling argument for the application of wise problem-solving to complex world issues that will appeal in particular to those in leadership, teaching and policy roles, and open new pathways in the fields of wisdom-studies, psychology, sociology and political theory\"--Page 4 of cover.
Book
Interventions for subjective cognitive decline: systematic review and meta-analysis
ObjectivesThis review provides a broad overview of the effectiveness of interventions for subjective cognitive decline (SCD) in improving psychological well-being, metacognition and objective cognitive performance.MethodsDatabases including PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Systematic Reviews were searched up to August 2017 to identify randomised controlled trials evaluating interventions for SCD. Interventions were categorised as psychological, cognitive, lifestyle or pharmacological. Outcomes of interest included psychological well-being, metacognitive ability and objective cognitive performance. To assess the risk of bias, three authors independently rated study validity using criteria based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Random-effects meta-analyses were undertaken where three or more studies investigated similar interventions and reported comparable outcomes.ResultsTwenty studies met inclusion criteria and 16 had sufficient data for inclusion in the meta-analyses. Of these, only seven were rated as being high quality. Group psychological interventions significantly improved psychological well-being (g=0.40, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.76; p=0.03) but the improvement they conferred on metacognitive ability was not statistically significant (g=0.26, 95% CI −0.22 to 0.73; p=0.28). Overall, cognitive training interventions led to a small, statistically significant improvement in objective cognitive performance (g=0.13, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.25; p=0.03). However, the pooled effect sizes of studies using active control groups (g=0.02, 95% CI −0.19 to 0.22; p=0.85) or reporting global cognitive measures (g=0.06, 95% CI –0.19 to 0.31; p=0.66) were non-significant.ConclusionsThere is a lack of high-quality research in this field. Group psychological interventions improve psychological well-being and may also improve metacognition. A large, high-quality study is indicated to investigate this further. There is no evidence to suggest that cognitive interventions improve global cognitive performance and the clinical utility of small improvements in specific cognitive domains is questionable. There is a lack of research considering lifestyle interventions and poor quality evidence for pharmacological interventions.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017079391.
Journal Article