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The power-dependent spectra and polarization of the second harmonic generation (SHG) in a III–V nitride semiconductor layer were analyzed in order to characterize the properties of the near-infrared femtosecond pulsed laser. The SHG spectrum can be used to connect the relation between the autocorrelation trace and spectrum of the pulsed laser, thereby correctly determining the peak power and pulse duration. This facile method can be readily used as a characterization tool for developing the low-cost femtosecond pulsed lasers.

Thyroid hormone is critical for neonatal brain development, and even transient hypothyroidism can cause adverse neurocognitive outcomes. Infants exposed to excess iodine are at risk of developing hypothyroidism, especially those with congenital heart disease (CHD), because they are routinely exposed to excess iodine from intravenous iodinated contrast media and topical antiseptics. The aim of the present study was to identify the proportion of neonates with CHD exposed to iodine who developed hypothyroidism and to identify the associated risk factors. This was a retrospective study of neonates undergoing cardiac catheterization at Boston Children’s Hospital during a 3-year period, some of whom also underwent cardiac surgery. Hypothyroidism was defined as an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone level (>20 mIU/L at 24 to 96 hours of age and >15 mIU/L at >96 hours of age by heel-stick sampling and >9.1 mIU/L at 1 to 20 weeks of age by serum testing). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to predict the odds of developing hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed incidentally in 46 of 183 infants (25%) with CHD after iodine exposure. Controlling for baseline cardiac risk, postnatal age, and gestational age, we found a fourfold increase in odds of developing hypothyroidism in neonates with serum creatinine >0.9 mg/dL and a fourfold increase in those who underwent more than three procedures. Hypothyroidism in neonates with CHD exposed to excess iodine is associated with multiple procedures and impaired renal function. Routine serial monitoring of thyroid function in these neonates is warranted. Future studies should examine the association between hypothyroidism and neurocognitive function in this population.Exposure to excess iodine increases the risk of hypothyroidism in infants with congenital heart disease that is likely exacerbated by renal dysfunction and multiple procedures.

According to the US Census, there are more than 20 million children under the age of 5 in the United States. Diana L. Robins, Ph.D., Lauren B. Adamson, Ph.D., Marianne Barton, Ph.D., Thyde Dumont-Mathieu, M.D., M.P.H., Paul H. Dworkin, M.D., Deborah Fein, Ph.D., Mark A. Greenstein, M.D., Ho-Wen Hsu, M.D., M.S., Connor Kerns, Ph.D., and Renee Turchi, M.D., M.P.H.Early Detection Project Team. & Diana L. Robins drobins@drexel.edu 1 AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 MarketStreet, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 2 Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA 3 Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA 4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 5 Division of Developmental-Rehabilitation Medicine, Connecticut Childrens Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA 6 Ofce for Community Child Health and Help Me Grow National Center, Connecticut Childrens Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA 7 Divisions of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 8 New England Newborn Screening Program, University of Massachussetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA 9 Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 10 Center for Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs at St. Christophers Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA 11 Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia 123 J Autism Dev Disord (2016) 46:18801882 1881 The most signicant concern about the Task Forces conclusion is its over-emphasis on the limited data from treatment studies, in particular, on the observation that published studies have not systematically examined children whose ASD was detected through primary care screening. [...]we are in full agreement that ASD screening is effective in detecting toddlers at risk for ASD. [...]the task forces evidence report highlights that in primary care screening studies, 5060 % of ASD cases detected through ASD screening were found before parents or physicians had any concerns (AHRQ 2015, page 53); although the screening tools cannot have perfect sensitivity 123 1882 J Autism Dev Disord (2016) 46:18801882 and specicity, children detected through screening are likely to be younger than children detected through other strategies (e.g., see Guevara et al. 2013).

Congenital toxoplasmosis is a protozoan infection that can result in blindness and mental retardation. In the United States, its incidence is estimated to range from 1 in 1000 births to 1 in 10,000 1 . Most infected newborns have no symptoms at birth, but serious clinical manifestations can develop during childhood and early adulthood. By the age of 20, up to 85 percent have had chorioretinitis, including many who were free of symptoms at birth 1 , 2 . Because congenital toxoplasma infection does not usually produce recognizable signs of infection at birth, we were concerned by the fact that most cases remain . . .

If a woman acquires a primary Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy, the fetus can become infected. Careful analysis of different approaches to prevention and treatment of this congenital infection is needed.

Invasive pneumococcal infection (IPI) is the most common serious bacterial infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. Data from a population-based pediatric HIV surveillance project were used to determine the incidence of IPI in HIV-infected children and to conduct a case-control study assessing potential risk factors for IPI in HIV-infected children. There were 50 episodes of IPI and a cumulative incidence of 6.1 cases/100 patient-years through age 7 years. Children with IPI were more likely to have a prior AIDS diagnosis (odds ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–15.1) and higher levels of IgG and IgM (P = .01) than were controls. In a separate case-control study, the manifestations of IPI in HIV-infected children were compared with those in HIV-negative controls. Focal complication rates in the 2 groups did not differ; however, HIV-infected children were less likely than controls to have leukocytosis (P < .001) and more likely to have isolates with penicillin resistance (P = .03).

To the Editor: From recent reports it appears that the detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in neonates (babies ≤1 month old) is possible, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 although not as reliable as in older babies, children, and adults. 1 , 3 , 7 , 8 There is some evidence that neonates whose HIV infection can be detected in the first month of life will have faster disease progression. 1 , 7 The number of infected neonates in the combined reports is small because blood from the newborn period is rarely available by the time HIV infection is confirmed. We used the demonstrated sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HIV . . .