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"Hu, Jin"
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يتناول كتاب (من هو الخاسر الأكبر ؟ : (عندما تنقرض الحيوانات)) والذي قام بتأليفه (سشيل كيم) في حوالي (36) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (القصص الكورية للأطفال في القرن الـ 21) مستعرضا هذا الكتاب حكايات ظريفة، وأحداث طريفة، تدور على ألسنة الطير والحيوان موجهة للأطفال لتحفيزهم إلى مزيد من الحفاظ على البيئة، وأهمية وجود الحيوانات على الأرض، يهدف الكتاب إلى تعليم الأطفال أهمية التوازن في الطبيعة، والتأثير السلبي لتوسع المدن على حساب الغابات، والبيئة الطبيعية، الذي يعرض الحيوانات والنباتات للانقراض.
Book
Analytical solution of the nonlinear relativistic Boltzmann equation
A
bstract
We provide an exact analytical solution to the nonlinear relativistic Boltzmann equation for a homogeneous, anisotropically scattering massless gas. Utilizing a BKW-like trial solution, we cast the Boltzmann equation into a set of nonlinear coupled equations for scalar moments, based on which the analytical solution is derived. One remarkable feature of our analytical solution lies in the nontrivial scattering angle dependence. We also show that this analytical solution admits a stable fixed point corresponding to the equilibrium solution as long as the parameters are physically feasible. Furthermore, a clear correspondence between our solution and the BKW solution pertaining to nonrelativistic Maxwell molecules is established, thereby clarifying the non-existence of a BKW-type solution in the relativistic domain for massive particles.
Journal Article
Normal mode analysis within a mutilated relaxation time approximation
In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of normal modes based on the Boltzmann equation within the mutilated relaxation time approximation (RTA). Using this linearized effective kinetic description, our analysis encompasses a complete order calculation in wavenumber
k
, extending the conventional hydrodynamic mode analysis to intermediate and short-wavelength regions. Furthermore, our linear mode analysis can provide a natural classification of kinetic modes into collective modes and non-collective single-particle excitations. In the case of an energy-independent relaxation time, the behavior of hydrodynamic onset transitions is recovered (Romatschke in Eur Phys J C 76:352, 2016). However, for the case with an energy-dependent relaxation time, the distinct classification becomes less clear, as the location of hydrodynamic modes is not well separated from non-hydrodynamic modes.
Journal Article
Statins: a repurposed drug to fight cancer
As competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, statins not only reduce cholesterol and improve cardiovascular risk, but also exhibit pleiotropic effects that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. Among them, the anti-cancer properties of statins have attracted much attention and indicated the potential of statins as repurposed drugs for the treatment of cancer. A large number of clinical and epidemiological studies have described the anticancer properties of statins, but the evidence for anticancer effectiveness of statins is inconsistent. It may be that certain molecular subtypes of cancer are more vulnerable to statin therapy than others. Whether statins have clinical anticancer effects is still an active area of research. Statins appear to enhance the efficacy and address the shortcomings associated with conventional cancer treatments, suggesting that statins should be considered in the context of combined therapies for cancer. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the potential of statins in anti-cancer treatments. We discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer properties of statins and their effects on different malignancies. We also provide recommendations for the design of future well-designed clinical trials of the anti-cancer efficacy of statins.
Journal Article
Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China
Esophageal cancer is one of the most fatal diseases worldwide mainly because of its rapid progression and poor prognosis. Although the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has markedly risen in North America and Europe in the past several decades, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is still the predominant subtype of esophageal cancer, especially in China. It accounts for more than 90% of all esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases in China. Geographical differentiation is one of the most distinctive characteristics of esophageal cancer. The progression, risk factors, and prognosis of these two subtypes of esophageal cancer differ. This study reviews the epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China, thereby providing systematic references for policy-makers who will decide on issues of esophageal cancer prevention and control.
Journal Article
Atomically precise single-crystal structures of electrically conducting 2D metal–organic frameworks
Electrically conducting 2D metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable interest, as their hexagonal 2D lattices mimic graphite and other 2D van der Waals stacked materials. However, understanding their intrinsic properties remains a challenge because their crystals are too small or of too poor quality for crystal structure determination. Here, we report atomically precise structures of a family of 2D
π
-conjugated MOFs derived from large single crystals of sizes up to 200 μm, allowing atomic-resolution analysis by a battery of high-resolution diffraction techniques. A designed ligand core rebalances the in-plane and out-of-plane interactions that define anisotropic crystal growth. We report two crystal structure types exhibiting analogous 2D honeycomb-like sheets but distinct packing modes and pore contents. Single-crystal electrical transport measurements distinctively demonstrate anisotropic transport normal and parallel to the
π
-conjugated sheets, revealing a clear correlation between absolute conductivity and the nature of the metal cation and 2D sheet packing motif.
Two-dimensional MOFs can possess porosity and electrical conductivity but are difficult to grow as single crystals. Here, by balancing in-plane and out-of-plane interactions, single crystals of sizes up to 200 µm are grown, allowing in-plane transport measurements and atomic-resolution analysis.
Journal Article
Has green finance optimized the industrial structure in China?
Green finance is considered a new force for the optimization of industrial structure. With the quasi-natural experiment of the green finance reform and innovation pilot zone, the impact of the green finance reform and innovation pilot zone on the optimization of industrial structure is empirically tested. The research found that: First, although green finance reform and innovation pilot zone generally improved the optimization of the industrial structure, it had an inhibitory effect on the advancement of industrial structure. Although it promoted the rationalization, it produced negative spatial spillovers; second, the green finance reform and innovation pilot zone mainly promoted the optimization of industrial structure through three paths: foreign investment, technological innovation, and infrastructure improvement; finally, provinces with large economies and good central-local relations had a stronger role in promoting industrial structure rationalization, while small economies and poor central-local relations dragged down the advancement of industrial structure. In summary, this paper finds that while green finance can contribute to the optimization of industrial structure in general, there are many aspects of it that deserve attention in more subtle ways. The conclusions enrich the research on the influencing factors of industrial structure and also provide a reference for improving the green financial system.
Journal Article
Effect of Cheese Intake on Cardiovascular Diseases and Cardiovascular Biomarkers
Background: A growing number of cohort studies revealed an inverse association between cheese intake and cardiovascular diseases, yet the causal relationship is unclear. Objective: To assess the causal relationship between cheese intake, and cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular biomarkers. Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis based on publicly available genome-wide association studies was employed to infer the causal relationship. The effect estimates were calculated using the random-effects inverse-variance-weighted method. Results: Cheese intake per standard deviation increase causally reduced the risks of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34–0.63; p = 1.02 × 10−6), heart failure (OR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49–0.79; p = 0.0001), coronary heart disease (OR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53–0.79; p = 2.01 × 10−5), hypertension (OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.53–0.84; p = 0.001), and ischemic stroke (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91; p = 0.003). Suggestive evidence of an inverse association between cheese intake and peripheral artery disease was also observed. No associations were observed for atrial fibrillation, cardiac death, pulmonary embolism, or transient ischemic attack. The better prognosis associated with cheese intake may be explained by lower body mass index (BMI; effect estimate = −0.58; 95% CI, from −0.88 to −0.27; p = 0.0002), waist circumference (effect estimate = −0.49; 95% CI, from −0.76 to −0.23; p = 0.0003), triglycerides (effect estimate = −0.33; 95% CI, from −0.50 to −0.17; p = 4.91 × 10−5), and fasting glucose (effect estimate = −0.20; 95% CI, from −0.33 to −0.07; p = 0.0003). There was suggestive evidence of a positive association between cheese intake and high-density lipoprotein. No influences were observed for blood pressure or inflammation biomarkers. Conclusions: This two-sample MR analysis found causally inverse associations between cheese intake and type 2 diabetes, heart failure, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and ischemic stroke.
Journal Article
Regulating strain in perovskite thin films through charge-transport layers
Thermally-induced tensile strain that remains in perovskite films following annealing results in increased ion migration and is a known factor in the instability of these materials. Previously-reported strain regulation methods for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have utilized substrates with high thermal expansion coefficients that limits the processing temperature of perovskites and compromises power conversion efficiency. Here we compensate residual tensile strain by introducing an external compressive strain from the hole-transport layer. By using a hole-transport layer with high thermal expansion coefficient, we compensate the tensile strain in PSCs by elevating the processing temperature of hole-transport layer. We find that compressive strain increases the activation energy for ion migration, improving the stability of perovskite films. We achieve an efficiency of 16.4% for compressively-strained PSCs; and these retain 96% of their initial efficiencies after heating at 85 °C for 1000 hours—the most stable wide-bandgap perovskites (above 1.75 eV) reported so far.
Remnant tensile strain in the perovskite films induced in the thermal annealing step is a known source of material and device instabilities. Here Xue et al. use a thermal expandable hole transporting layer to compensate the strain and result in most stable wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells so far.
Journal Article
Lattice reconstruction induced multiple ultra-flat bands in twisted bilayer WSe2
Moiré superlattices in van der Waals heterostructures provide a tunable platform to study emergent properties that are absent in the natural crystal form. Twisted bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TB-TMDs) can host moiré flat bands over a wide range of twist angles. For twist angle close to 60°, it was predicted that TB-TMDs undergo a lattice reconstruction which causes the formation of ultra-flat bands. Here, by using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we show the emergence of multiple ultra-flat bands in twisted bilayer WSe
2
when the twist angle is within 3° of 60°. The ultra-flat bands are manifested as narrow tunneling conductance peaks with estimated bandwidth less than 10 meV, which is only a fraction of the estimated on-site Coulomb repulsion energy. The number of these ultra-flat bands and spatial distribution of the wavefunctions match well with the theoretical predictions, strongly evidencing that the observed ultra-flat bands are induced by lattice reconstruction. Our work provides a foundation for further study of the exotic correlated phases in TB-TMDs.
It was predicted that lattice reconstruction can lead to the emergence of multiple ultra-flat electronic bands in twisted bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Here, by using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, the authors demonstrate such bands in twisted bilayer WSe
2
.
Journal Article