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This study investigated knowledge of autism spectrum disorder and associated stigma among Chinese university students, utilizing the cross-culturally validated Chinese version of the Autism Stigma and Knowledge Questionnaire. A total of 2,081 students from 25 provinces participated in an online survey. Independent-samples t -tests and one-way ANOVAs revealed that female students, upper-grade students, normal-education students, special education majors, and those who had completed inclusive education courses demonstrated significantly higher levels of ASD knowledge and lower levels of stigma. Prior interactions with autistic people were also associated with greater understanding of ASD and more accepting attitudes. These findings emphasize the significance of incorporating autism-related content into both general and special education curricula, fostering high-quality interactions with autistic communities, and critically considering the types of knowledge that most effectively mitigate stigma. As inclusive education reforms progress in China, enhancing professional training and awareness of neurodiversity will be crucial for preparing future educators to establish inclusive and supportive learning environments.

β-Cell dysfunction and β-cell loss are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we found that trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) at a similar concentration to that found in diabetes could directly decrease glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in MIN6 cells and primary islets from mice or humans. Elevation of TMAO levels impairs GSIS, β-cell proportion, and glucose tolerance in male C57BL/6 J mice. TMAO inhibits calcium transients through NLRP3 inflammasome-related cytokines and induced Serca2 loss, and a Serca2 agonist reversed the effect of TMAO on β-cell function in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, long-term TMAO exposure promotes β-cell ER stress, dedifferentiation, and apoptosis and inhibits β-cell transcriptional identity. Inhibition of TMAO production improves β-cell GSIS, β-cell proportion, and glucose tolerance in both male db/db and choline diet-fed mice. These observations identify a role for TMAO in β-cell dysfunction and maintenance, and inhibition of TMAO could be an approach for the treatment of T2D. β-Cell dysfunction is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Here, the authors show that trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO (a microbiota metabolite)) induces β-cell dysfunction and type 2 diabetes in mice through NLRP3 inflammasome activation and calcium transients.

The goal of classifying shock metamorphic features in meteorites is to estimate the corresponding shock pressure conditions. However, the temperature variability of shock metamorphism is equally important and can result in a diverse and heterogeneous set of shock features in samples with a common overall shock pressure. In particular, high-pressure (HP) minerals, which were previously used as a solid indicator of high shock pressure in meteorites, require complex pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) histories to form and survive. First, parts of the sample must be heated to melting temperatures, at high pressure, to enable rapid formation of HP minerals before pressure release. Second, the HP minerals must be rapidly cooled to below a critical temperature, before the pressure returns to ambient conditions, to avoid retrograde transformation to their low-pressure polymorphs. These two constraints require the sample to contain large temperature heterogeneities, e.g. melt veins in a cooler groundmass, during shock. In this study, we calculated shock temperatures and possible P–T paths of chondritic and differentiated mafic–ultramafic rocks for various shock pressures. These P–T conditions and paths, combined with observations from shocked meteorites, are used to constrain shock conditions and P–T–t histories of HP-mineral bearing samples. The need for rapid thermal quench of HP phases requires a relatively low bulk-shock temperature and therefore moderate shock pressures below ~ 30 GPa, which matches the stabilities of these HP minerals. The low-temperature moderate-pressure host rock generally shows moderate shock-deformation features consistent with S4 and, less commonly, S5 shock stages. Shock pressures in excess of 50 GPa in meteorites result in melt breccias with high overall post-shock temperatures that anneal out HP-mineral signatures. The presence of ringwoodite, which is commonly considered an indicator of the S6 shock stage, is inconsistent with pressures in excess of 30 GPa and does not represent shock conditions different from S4 shock conditions. Indeed, ringwoodite and coexisting HP minerals should be considered as robust evidence for moderate shock pressures (S4) rather than extreme shock (S6) near whole-rock melting.

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor, and the overall prognosis of patients with advanced CRC is still unsatisfactory. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein A (circVAPA) could act as an underlying biomarker in CRC. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of circVAPA in the regulation of CRC growth. Methods CircVAPA level was measured in CRC tumor tissues. The expression levels of circVAPA, VAPA mRNA, microRNA-125a (miR-125a), and cAMP response element binding 5 (CREB5) in CRC cells were detected by RT-qPCR. Cell cycle progression, migration and invasion, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were measured by flow cytometry, transwell assays and Seahorse XF96 Glycolysis Analyzer, severally. The levels of glucose uptake, lactate and ATP production were examined by Glucose Uptake Colorimetric Assay kit, Lactate Assay kit and ATP Colorimetric Assay kit, respectively. The interaction between miR-125a and circVAPA or CREB5 was predicted by Starbase or DIANA TOOL, and verified by the dual-luciferase reporter and RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Results CircVAPA level was up-regulated in CRC tumor tissues. Expression levels of circVAPA and CREB5 were increased, and miR-125a was decreased in CRC cells. CircVAPA knockdown repressed CRC cells cycle progression, migration, invasion and glycolysis. CircVAPA acted as a miR-125a sponge to regulate CREB5 expression. Rescue assay confirmed that miR-125a deletion or CREB5 overexpression weakened the inhibitory effect of circVAPA knockdown on CRC growth. Conclusion Our studies disclosed that circVAPA knockdown suppressed CRC cells cycle progression, migration, invasion and glycolysis partly by modulating miR-125a/CREB5 axis, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for CRC treatment.

Chemical reactions that convert sp2 to sp3 hybridization have been demonstrated to be a fascinating yet challenging route to functionalize graphene. So far it has not been possible to precisely control the reaction sites nor their lateral order at the atomic/molecular scale. The application prospects have been limited for reactions that require long soaking, heating, electric pulses or probe-tip press. Here we demonstrate a spatially selective photocycloaddition reaction of a two-dimensional molecular network with defect-free basal plane of single-layer graphene. Directly visualized at the submolecular level, the cycloaddition is triggered by ultraviolet irradiation in ultrahigh vacuum, requiring no aid of the graphene Moiré pattern. The reaction involves both [2+2] and [2+4] cycloadditions, with the reaction sites aligned into a two-dimensional extended and well-ordered array, inducing a bandgap for the reacted graphene layer. This work provides a solid base for designing and engineering graphene-based optoelectronic and microelectronic devices.The controllable functionalization of graphene at the molecular level may prove useful for graphene-based electronics, but is difficult to do in a precise fashion. Now it has been shown that a photocycloaddition reaction between a hydrogen-bonded network of maleimide-derived molecules and single-layer graphene can produce a functionalized array with long-range order.

On-surface Ullmann coupling has been intensely utilized for the tailor-made fabrication of conjugated frameworks towards molecular electronics, however, reaction mechanisms are still limitedly understood. Herein, we provide a comprehensive elucidation of the surface Ullmann coupling of 2,7-dibromopyrene (Br 2 Py) on Ag(111) by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density function theory (DFT), and reveal that the Ullmann reaction path is unique regardless of predesigned assembled structures. By manipulating deposition conditions, diverse assembled architectures have been constructed for Br 2 Py on Ag(111), including the ladder phase, parallel arrangement, hexagonal patterns from monomers or Kagome lattices based on organometallic (OM) dimers. Intriguingly, stepwise annealing leads to an identical reaction diagram for the surface Ullmann coupling from individual assembled structures convergent into the brick-wall-pattern OM dimers first, which is deemed to be a stable phase, and then into elongated OM chains in order and eventually long-range polymers with direct C-C coupling. While the reaction mechanism is demonstrated to be dominated by the metal coordinated and halogen bonding motifs, interestingly, it has also been revealed that surface adatoms and dissociated Br atoms play a crucial role in coupling reactions. In contrast to previous reports demonstrating the manipulation of Ullmann reactions by preassembled strategy, herein, weak intermolecular interaction in assembled nanostructures is immediately suppressed by strong covalent bonding during reactions. Importantly, our report proposes essential insights on fundamental understanding of surface Ullmann coupling towards high-yield surface synthesis.

Breast cancer (BRCA) is known as the leading cause of death in women worldwide and has a poor prognosis. Traditional therapeutic strategies such as surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy can cause adverse reactions such as drug resistance. Immunotherapy, a new treatment approach with fewer side effects and stronger universality, can prolong the survival of BRCA patients and even achieve clinical cure. However, due to population heterogeneity and other reasons, there are still certain factors that limit the efficacy of immunotherapy. Therefore, the importance of finding new tumor immune biomarker cannot be emphasized enough. Studies have reported that LGALS2 was closely related to immunotherapy efficacy, however, it is unclear whether it can act as an immune checkpoint for BRCA immunotherapy. In the current study, changes in LGALS2 expression were analyzed in public datasets such as TCGA-BRCA. We found that LGALS2 expression was associated with immune infiltration, drug resistance and other characteristics of BRCA. Moreover, high LGALS2 expression was closely related to immunotherapy response, and was associated with methylation modifications and clinical resistance for the first time. These findings may help to elucidate the role of LGALS2 in BRCA for the development and clinical application of future immunotherapy strategies against BRCA.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy on physiological response and anxiety in perioperative ophthalmic patients. Furthermore, to explore the differentiation of intervention effects based on different intervention timing and music types. Methods Five databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane library and CINAHL were adopted for comprehensive search, from the inception of the database to October 2024. Reported according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Methodological quality was assessed using Version 2 of the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trial (Rob2). Revman manager 5.4 software was used for meta-analysis. Results Nine studies (1331 patients) were included. The meta-analysis results showed that the intervention effect of the music intervention group was better than that of the control group, which had positive effects on lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) [mean difference (MD)=-5.86, 95% confidence interval (CI)=-7.97~-3.74, Z = 5.44, p  < 0.001], lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD=-3.57, 95%CI=-6.80~-0.35, Z = 2.17, p  = 0.03) and reducing anxiety [standard mean difference (SMD)=-0.80, 95%CI=-0.94~-0.66, Z = 11.2, p  < 0.001)], but not statistically significant for heart rate/pulse rate (HR/PR) change (MD=-1.08, 95%CI=-2.29 ~ 0.12, Z = 1.77, p  = 0.08). The subgroup analysis results showed that music intervention before surgery, as well as before and during surgery, could reduce the function of SBP and DBP (p-values all less than 0.05); All types of music have significance in reducing SBP (p-values all less than 0.001); Better intervention effect in binaural beats music (BBM) group than control group in decreasing HR/PR ( p  = 0.01) can be found; Regardless of the timing of intervention (preopertive, p <  0.001; intraoperative, p  = 0.008; preoperative and intraoperative, p <  0.001) or the type of music (BBM, p <  0.001; other types of music, p <  0.001), music therapy has a significant effect on reducing patient perioperative anxiety compared to the control group. Conclusion Overall, music therapy contributes to reducing both SBP and DBP, and anxiety level for perioperative ophthalmic patients. The intervention timing of preoperative, or both in preoperative and intraoperative, as well as music type of binaural beats, may have better effects on clinical indicators. PROSPERO registration This systematic review was registered a priori with PROSPERO in September 22, 2023. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023465797.

Intensive efforts have been devoted to surface Ullmann-like coupling in recent years, due to its appealing success towards on-surface synthesis of tailor-made nanostructures. While attentions were mostly drawn on metallic substrates, however, Ullmann dehalogenation and coupling reaction on semimetal surfaces has been seldom addressed. Herein, we demonstrate the self-assembly of 2, 7-dibromopyrene (Br 2 Py) and the well controllable dehalogenation reaction of Br 2 Py on the Bi(111)–Ag substrate with a combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory calculations (DFT). By elaborately investigating the reaction path and formed organic nanostructures, it is revealed that the pristinely inert bismuth layer supported on the silver substrate can initiate Ullmann-like coupling in a desired manner by getting alloyed with Ag atoms underneath, while side products have not been discovered. By clarifying the pristine nature of Bi–Ag(111) and Ullmann-like reaction mechanisms, our report proposes an ideal template for thoroughly exploring dehalogenative coupling reaction mechanisms with atomic insights and on-surface synthesis of carbon-based architectures.