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Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease that affects global wheat production. F. graminearum encodes many effector proteins; however, its virulence mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we identify a secretory e ffector c andidate (FgEC10) that is essential for the virulence of F. graminearum . FgEC10 interacts strongly with wheat fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (TaFAH) and accelerates its degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway. In addition, we show that TaFAH interacts with proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPases 12 (TaPSMD12) and that FgEC10 enhances the interaction between TaFAH and TaPSMD12. RNA silencing or overexpression of TaFAH in wheat plants shows that TaFAH positively regulates wheat FHB resistance. Overexpression of TaFAH promotes the expression of genes associated with disease resistance and the heading period. Metabolomic analysis reveals that overexpression of TaFAH increases the levels of several amino acids in wheat, and exogenous application of some of these amino acids show an increase in F. graminearum resistance in the wheat spike and seedling. Collectively, our study reveals a pathogenic mechanism and provides a valuable gene resource for improving FHB resistance and promoting heading in wheat. A Fusarium graminearum effector is found to target wheat fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase for 26S proteasomal degradation. The hydrolase enhances resistance to Fusarium head blight by regulating defense genes and amino acid metabolism, offering a genetic target for wheat improvement.

Fusarium graminearum, a highly destructive fungal pathogen, poses a major threat to wheat production. The apoplast is an important space for plant–pathogen interactions. However, no studies have been reported on the secretory proteins of F. graminearum in the wheat apoplast. In this study, we performed mass spectrometry analysis of F. graminearum secretory proteins in wheat apoplast and identified 79 potential secretory proteins. We identified a metalloprotease (referred to as Fg28) and demonstrated its capacity to induce cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana. Fg28 is strongly up-regulated in the early stages of infection and is secreted into the intercellular space of wheat cells. Full-length Fg28 is required to induce cell death in N. benthamiana. In addition, Fg28 induces an immune response that is independent of BAK1/SOBIR1 and EDS1/PAD4. Furthermore, knocking out Fg28 had no effect on morphology or pathogenicity. In conclusion, we have identified a set of F. graminearum secreted proteins in the wheat apoplast and a metalloproteinase that triggers immune response, providing new insights into understanding the interaction between F. graminearum and wheat.

Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) is the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat, barley, and corn. Deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by F. graminearum, is the most prevalent toxin associated with FHB. The wheat defense compound putrescine can promote DON production during F. graminearum infection. However, the underlying mechanisms of putrescine-induced DON synthesis are not well-studied. To investigate the effect of putrescine on the global transcriptional regulation of F. graminearum, we treated F. graminearum with putrescine and performed RNA deep sequencing. We found that putrescine can largely affect the transcriptome of F. graminearum. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that having a large amount of DEGs was associated with ribosome biogenesis, carboxylic acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and amino acid metabolism pathways. Co-expression analysis showed that 327 genes had similar expression patterns to FgTRI genes and were assigned to the same module. In addition, three transcription factor genes were identified as hub genes in this module, indicating that they may play important roles in DON synthesis. These results provide important clues for further analysis of the molecular mechanisms of putrescine-induced DON synthesis and will facilitate the study of the pathogenic mechanisms of FHB.

Heat pump unit is a host device located in the central air-conditioning terminal, providing cold and hot water. Heat pump unit has the advantages of energy saving, environmental protection, easy maintenance, and so on. It is adopted to solve the problems of refrigeration and heating in ventilation and air conditioning from many engineering projects in China. When the equipment is turned on, however, the high noise generated by the heat pump unit has a very negative impact on the life and work of the surrounding residents. Therefore, noise reduction is needed to improve the environment quality. In this paper, the noise of the air-cooled heat pump unit of the square area in Shanghai was detected, the noise source was analyzed, and the corresponding noise reduction scheme was proposed. After the completion of the scheme, measurements indicate that A-weighted sound pressure level is less than or equal to 60 dB (A) during the day and less than or equal to 50 dB (A) at night, which meets the relevant national noise limit emission standards and conforms to the second-class quality standard of the acoustic environment.

Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) is the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat, barley, and corn. Deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by F. graminearum, is the most prevalent toxin associated with FHB. The wheat defense compound putrescine can promote DON production during F. graminearum infection. However, the underlying mechanisms of putrescine-induced DON synthesis are not well-studied. To investigate the effect of putrescine on the global transcriptional regulation of F. graminearum, we treated F. graminearum with putrescine and performed RNA deep sequencing. We found that putrescine can largely affect the transcriptome of F. graminearum. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that having a large amount of DEGs was associated with ribosome biogenesis, carboxylic acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and amino acid metabolism pathways. Co-expression analysis showed that 327 genes had similar expression patterns to FgTRI genes and were assigned to the same module. In addition, three transcription factor genes were identified as hub genes in this module, indicating that they may play important roles in DON synthesis. These results provide important clues for further analysis of the molecular mechanisms of putrescine-induced DON synthesis and will facilitate the study of the pathogenic mechanisms of FHB.

Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers （brGDGTs）, likely produced by bacteria in soil and peat, are widely distributed, easily detected, newly adopted biomarker compounds. In this study, brGDGTs were used to explore the relationship between the absolute abundance of brGDGTs and the distribution of oil and gas fields in the Duoshiqiao area of the Jiyang depression. The results showed that the concentrations at the Xiakou fault and in the oil and gas fields were obviously higher than those in the contrast areas. The clear relationship among the concentration of brGDGTs, the distribution of oil and gas fields, and the acidolysis hydrocarbon （ethane） indicates that the concentration effectively responds to hydrocarbon seeps from the oil and gas field below, brGDGTs may become some of the most important indicators in surface geochemical prospecting for oil and gas.

The paper discusses a statistical problem related to testing for differences between two networks with community structures. While existing methods have been proposed, they encounter challenges and do not perform effectively when the networks become sparse. We propose a test statistic that combines a method proposed by Wu and Hu ( 2024 ) and a resampling process. Specifically, the proposed test statistic proves effective under the condition that the community-wise edge probability matrices have entries of order Ω ( log n / n ) , where n denotes the network size. We derive the asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic and provide a guarantee of asymptotic power against the alternative hypothesis. To evaluate the performance of the proposed test statistic, we conduct simulations and provide real data examples. The results indicate that the proposed test statistic performs well for both dense and sparse networks.

Recent clinical experience with SOT-GVHD treatment is mixed and limited, including systemic or partial corticosteroid support, the use of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT), and donor-targeted serotherapy. Since the number of lymphocytes transplanted with the organ may be a risk factor for GVHD, reducing the number of donor lymphocytes seems beneficial. The study was approved by the local institutional review boards on human research at the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (IRB No. The liver was contoured. Since whole-liver IMRT can cause liver injury, a very low radiological dose of 50 cGy was chosen for each treatment based on the advice of the consulting oncologist and oncologist. [...]IMRT has the potential to successfully treat refractory LT-GVHD patients. A reasonable explanation is that IMRT can suppress not only GVH-associated immune cells but also normal liver cells such as parenchymal hepatic and bile duct cells. [...]choosing an appropriate IMRT dose for treating GVHD by simultaneously preserving liver function is crucial. Prof. Zhishui Chen, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China E-Mail: zschen@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn; Prof. Lai Wei, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China E-Mail: weilai@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn How to cite this article:

The accumulation of authigenic carbonate in marine sediments has been regarded as a significant contributor to the carbon cycle over Earth's history. However, accurate quantification of the extent of authigenic carbonate formation in both modern and ancient oceans has been challenging due to limited approaches. Here, we analyzed calcium, magnesium, dissolved inorganic carbon, and alkalinity pore‐water profiles of 153 sites influenced by methane diffusion from the northern South China Sea. By combining these data with published data of diffusive sulfate flux, we found a significant positive correlation between carbonate precipitation rate and sulfate flux in the subseafloor. This correlation can be used to quantify the regional extent of authigenic carbonate formation, representing an advantage over a spatial interpolation approach. We therefore propose that the observed correlation can serve as a new approach for quantifying authigenic carbonate formation in shallow sediments along continental margins for both modern and ancient oceans. Plain Language Summary Carbonate mineral precipitation through removing seawater dissolved inorganic carbon—the marine carbonate factory—plays a critical role in shaping marine carbon cycling and global climate. The formation of authigenic carbonate from pore‐water of marine sediments represents a variable share of the marine carbonate factory throughout geological history. However, it is challenging to quantify the extent of such authigenic carbonate formation. By analyzing pore‐water parameters from 153 sites influenced by methane diffusion of the northern South China Sea, we found a significant positive correlation between the rate of carbonate precipitation and the diffusive flux of sulfate into shallow sediments. Given the existence of estimates on the sizes of the seawater sulfate pool and diffusive fluxes of sulfate into sediments over Earth's history, we propose that the observed correlation can be used for quantifying authigenic carbonate formation in shallow sediments along continental margins through time, which will greatly advance our understanding for past carbon cycling and its relation to climate. Key Points Porewater parameters from 153 sites of the northern South China Sea were evaluated to quantify the extent of authigenic carbonate formation Rate of carbonate formation strongly correlates with diffusive flux of sulfate into sediments affected by methane diffusion A correlation of carbonate formation rate with sulfate flux is used to quantify most of authigenic carbonate formation in shallow sediments