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Illegal wildlife trade enforcement is a cornerstone conservation strategy worldwide, yet we have a limited understanding on its social impacts. Using Chinese online wildlife seizure news (2003–2018), we evaluated the interactions among enforcement operations, news frequency, and social engagement (i.e., whistle-blowing) frequency. Our results showed that intensive enforcement operations, which commenced after 2012, have social impacts by increasing the frequency of all seizure news significantly by 28% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5%, 51%] and those via whistle-blowing by 24% [95% CI: 2%, 45%], when compared to counterfactual models where possible confounding factors were accounted for. Furthermore, we revealed the potential interaction between enforcement seizure news with and without social engagement, and the consequential social feedback process. Of the species identified from ‘whistle-blowing’ news, up to 28% are considered as high conservation priorities. Overall, we expanded our understanding of the enforcement impacts to social dimensions, which could contribute to improving the cost-effectiveness of such conservation efforts.

The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is a critical process in the life cycle of higher plants. Previously, we cloned Rice Indeterminate 1 (RID1), which acts as the master switch for the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase in rice. Although the photoperiod pathway of RID1 inducing expression of the florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1 via Ehd1 has been established, the alternative pathways for the essential flowering transition need to be further examined. Here, we identified a Suppressor of rid1 (SID1), which rescues the never-flowering phenotype of rid1. SID1 encodes an INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) transcription factor. Mutation in SID1 showed the delayed flowering phenotype. Gain-of-function of SID1, OsIDD1, or OsIDD6 could restore the rid1 to flowering. Further analyses showed SID1 and RID1 directly target the promoter regions of Hd3a and RFT1, two florigen genes in rice. Taken together, our results reveal an autonomous flowering pathway might be mediated by RID1, thereby controlling the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive development in rice.

Background With the rise of reported mental disorders and behavioral issues after the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, psychiatrists and mental health care are urgently needed more than ever before. The psychiatric career carries a high emotional burden and stressful demands, which bring issues on psychiatrists’ mental health and well-being into question. To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of depression, anxiety, and work burnout among psychiatrists in Beijing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 6 to January 30, 2022, two years after COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic. Recruitment was performed using a convenience sample approach by sending online questionnaires to psychiatrists in Beijing. The symptoms of depression, anxiety, and burnout were evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS). The perceived stress and social support were measured by the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS) and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), respectively. Results The data of 564 psychiatrists (median [interquartile range] age, 37 [30–43] years old) of all 1532 in Beijing were included in the statistical analysis. The prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety and burnout were 33.2% (95% CI, 29.3-37.1%, PHQ-9 ≥ 5), 25.4% (95% CI, 21.8-29.0%, GAD-7 ≥ 5) and 40.6% (95% CI, 36.5-44.7%, MBI-GS ≥ 3 in each of the three subdimensions), respectively. The psychiatrist with a higher score on perceived stress was more likely to suffer from depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratios [ORs]: 4.431 [95%CI, 2.907–6.752]); the anxiety symptoms (adjusted ORs: 8.280 [95%CI, 5.255–13.049]), and the burnout conditions (adjusted ORs: 9.102 [95%CI, 5.795–14.298]). Receiving high social support was an independent protective factor against symptoms of depression (adjusted ORs: 0.176 [95%CI, [0.080–0.386]), anxiety (adjusted ORs: 0.265 [95%CI, 0.111–0.630]) and burnout (adjusted ORs: 0.319 [95%CI, 0.148–0.686]). Conclusions Our data suggest a considerable proportion of psychiatrists also suffer from depression, anxiety, and burnout. Perceived stress and social support influence depression, anxiety, and burnout. For public health, we must work together to reduce the pressure and increase social support to mitigate mental health risks in psychiatrists.

Objectives The present study aimed to investigate sleep disturbance and mental health symptoms in elite athletes during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics preparatory period and whether they were associated with chronotype. Method This study included 428 elite Chinese winter sports athletes from the National Training Team (the response proportion was 94.1%) in August 2021. All participants completed self-reported scales, including Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) to assess sleep disturbance, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Seven-Item (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire Nine-Item (PHQ-9) to assess mental health symptoms (including anxiety and depression symptoms). Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to identify factors associated with sleep and mental health symptoms. Results In this study, we found that the point prevalence was 13.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.5–14.7%) of insomnia, 20.1% (95% CI 18.2–22.0%) of depression, and 15.0% (95% CI 13.3–16.7%) of anxiety symptoms. Female sex (odds ratio 2.4 [95% CI 1.3–4.6], p  = 0.008) and age of 20–24 years (4.1 [1.5–10.9], p  = 0.005) were associated factors for insomnia symptoms. Evening chronotype was a significant contributing factor for insomnia (6.7 [2.0–22.6], p  = 0.002), depression (5.7 [2.2–15.1], p  < 0.001), and anxiety (7.4 [2.3–23.2], p  < 0.001) symptoms. Conclusions Disruptions were reported in the sleep and mental health of elite athletes during the preparation phase of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. Evening chronotype may be a potential independent predictor of sleep and mental health changes for Chinese winter sport elite athletes in preparatory period, and further research is needed to generalize the results. These findings suggest that strategies to manage sleep and mental health better are critical.

Consumer behavior change is a key priority to address the illegal wildlife trade, but evaluation of these interventions is lacking. We used surveys and randomized controlled trials to assess the effectiveness of three types of messages, which were codesigned with key stakeholders, with 2496 potential consumers and nontarget consumers in China. We found a 23% decrease in intention among potential consumers to use wild animal medicinal products by health‐related messages, and a 14% decrease by legality‐related messages, compared with the control group, though the effect size was small. Furthermore, we revealed that the effect of health‐related messages occurred indirectly by increasing health risk perceptions associated with improper utilization of wild animals. Yet, we did not find a clear effect pathway of the legality‐related messages. Regarding the nontarget consumers, information of whistleblowing platforms and incentives improved willingness to report illegal wildlife use directly, as well as indirectly through adding messages to increase perceived legality risk of using wild products and improve self‐efficacy in identifying legal products. Our findings can inform future larger scale efforts to influence wildlife consumption.

Public service advertising (PSA) is a familiar communication approach, and fear appeal is frequently used in PSAs to promote biodiversity conservation in China. Target framing can influence people's decision‐making, but it is unclear how efficient the PSAs are when using fear appeals with different threat‐target framing. We conducted a field experiment among Chinese college students (n = 236) using two PSAs with different threat‐target framing. We randomly assigned participants to the two PSAs by pre‐screening via audience segmentation after the pre‐test, and the participants completed the post‐questionnaire and a modified dictator game after watching the corresponding PSA. Our evidence suggested that people better understood the importance and relevance of wildlife protection after watching the human‐oriented PSA. Although only the human‐oriented PSA could significantly improve people's behavioral intention, there was no difference in the efficiency of the two PSAs in increasing people's conservation intention. Hence, it is inadequate to affect the audiences by arousing more fear, but rather PSAs would need to provide possible courses of action for them. While the wildlife‐oriented PSA generated more donations than the human‐oriented one, donations may not be the best indicator in our study. Our findings can help design more effective wildlife conservation campaigns. We show that it is inadequate to affect the audiences by arousing more fear, but rather PSAs would likely need to outline possible courses of action for them. Our research could help to provide insights into designing more targeted and persuasive campaign materials for wildlife conservation.

Co‐design, an approach that seeks to incorporate the experiences and perspectives of different stakeholders, is increasingly being used to develop audience‐oriented behaviour change interventions. The complexity of wildlife consumption behaviour makes the co‐design approach an important potential tool for the design of conservation interventions that aim to reduce illegal wildlife trade. Yet, little is known about how to adapt and apply the co‐design approach to the wildlife trade sector. Here, we applied a co‐design approach to develop interventions aimed at reducing illegal animal‐based medicine consumption in China. We conducted three workshops with key stakeholders: consumers of animal‐based medicines, pharmacy workers who sell them and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) doctors who prescribe them. We then developed a theory of change to ensure the relevance of the co‐designed intervention prototypes. Our co‐design process identified five main pathways of interventions, including two inclusive solutions that may have been previously overlooked in behaviour change work in this context. These were an intervention to promote the appropriate use of TCM and one to increase consumers' capacity to identify the legality of products. Our prototype interventions also enhanced existing views related to the role of medical practitioners in health‐risk communication. We used our co‐design process and reflections on its application to this specific market to provide guidelines for future conservation program planning in the broader wildlife trade context. Some intervention prototypes produced during co‐design may need wider stakeholder involvement to increase their feasibility for implementation. We show that the co‐design process can integrate multiple stakeholders' perspectives in the ideation stage, and has the potential to produce inclusive intervention designs that could drive innovation in conservation efforts to reduce illegal consumption of a range of wild species. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. 摘要 协同设计法是一种将不同利益相关者经验和观点融入行为改变干预设计的方法，已在越来越多的面向目标群体的行为改变干预中得到应用。 野生动物消费行为的复杂性使协同设计法成为了设计保护干预措施、减少非法贸易的重要探索方式。然而，尚缺乏研究来阐明这种方法在野生动物贸易领域的适用性和应用方法。 本研究应用协同设计法设计了旨在减少中国非法动物药用消费的干预措施。我们分别针对三个关键利益相关方群体进行了三场独立的动物类药品消费协同设计同工作坊:消费者、药店职员和中医医生。随后，我们基于变革理论，梳理了相应的行为改变干预方案。 我们的协同设计过程共确定了五条干预路径，其中包括在动物类药用消费的行为改变中可能被忽视的两条包容性路径:一是促进中药的正确使用，另一是提升消费者对含野生动物成分药品的合法性辨识能力。此外，我们的干预方案还强调了中医药专家在健康风险类信息传递中的重要角色。 我们通过对协同设计法在野生动物贸易领域的应用过程进行梳理和反思，为未来在更广泛的野生动物贸易领域设计保护措施提供了参考。一些协同设计的行为干预方案可能仍需要更广泛的利益相关者参与，以增加其实施的可行性。 本研究表明，协同设计法能够在行为干预设计阶段整合多利益相关方的视角，形成包容性强的干预方案，从而推动保护措施的创新性，减少各种野生物种的非法消费。 Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Patients with alcohol dependence (AD) can exhibit gut dysbacteria. Dysbacteria may co-occur with disruptions of circadian rhythmicity of the gut flora, which can aggravate AD. Herein, this study aimed to investigate diurnal oscillations of the gut microbiota in AD patients. Thirty-two patients with AD, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, and 20 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Demographic and clinical data were collected by self-report questionnaires. Fecal samples at 7:00 AM, 11:00 AM, 3:00 PM, and 7:00 PM were collected from each subject. 16S rDNA sequencing was conducted. Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to characterize alterations and oscillations of the gut microbiota. We found that β-diversity of the gut microbiota in AD patients oscillated diurnally compared with healthy subjects (p = 0.01). Additionally, 0.66% of operational taxonomic units oscillated diurnally in AD patients versus 1.68% in healthy subjects. At different taxonomic levels, bacterial abundance oscillated diurnally in both groups, such as Pseudomonas and Prevotella pallens (all p < 0.05). β-diversity of the gut microbiota in AD patients with high daily alcohol consumption, high-level cravings, short AD durations, and mild withdrawal symptoms oscillated diurnally compared with other AD patients (all p < 0.05). The gut microbiota in AD patients exhibits disruptions of diurnal oscillation, which may provide novel insights into mechanisms of AD and the development of therapeutic strategies.

With the Paris Agreement, countries have pledged to promote strategies and policies to substantially reduce their carbon emissions. To align public sentiment with potentially expensive climate mitigation policy, climate change education is considered an essential tool in tackling climate change, particularly for the young generation. However, a general lack of engagement is driven by the perception that climate change is irrelevant at local and individual scales. Based on a modified version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, we implemented a new climate change educational programme, in 12 rural areas of China, where adolescents communicated with local seniors (aged ≥ 60 years) in focus groups to discuss local climate over the past decades. Seniors’ memories of extreme climatic events generally were in concordance with meteorological data. The adolescents’ uncertainty about climate change exhibited significant change after the programme, followed by concern, risk perception, and perceived behavioural control. Based on mediation analysis, the shift in adolescent concern and perceived behavioural control translated into greater willingness to support climate change mitigation. Thus, we suggest that climate change education should emphasize place-based strategies that highlight the relevance of global climate change through local impacts and individual experiences vis-a-vis inter-generational communication to promote greater engagement with climate change.

Surging demand for medicinal plant products may lead to unsustainable harvesting practices, which could put pressure on wild populations. Yet little is known about indigenous harvesters' preferences on key traditional Chinese medicinal plant resources, and how these might affect sustainable use and management. We conducted a discrete choice experiment with over 900 native Tibetan harvesters in the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan plateau in China, under a range of complex alternative livelihood, climate and environmental change, and land tenure and customs scenarios. We used random parameter logit model with broad heterogeneity to estimate local Tibetan harvesters' preferences and their willingness to harvest, and latent class logit model to explore distinct within‐population groupings based on shared preferences, for designing possible interventions. We uncovered three key findings with important management implications for medicinal plants. When given a choice, the local harvesters preferred not to harvest any herbs. However, if they opted to harvest, they preferred to harvest flowers and seeds, as compared to roots, and tended to use wooden tool (over the use of bare hands and iron tool). Notably, the degree of compliance with village rules and customs, and ecological worldview interact with targeted plant parts and potential income from harvest to influence their harvesting preferences. Their choices were sensitive to scenario‐based changes to livelihood options. Finally, our study revealed three distinct harvester groups with substantial heterogeneity. Specifically, two groups consisted of over 60% of the interviewed harvesters who appeared to have a strong preference for sustainable practices, while the remaining group lacks this tendency. Overall, our results shed light on the importance of understanding the drivers of harvesting preferences and the heterogeneity of harvesting practices among indigenous people and their cultural and sustainability leanings, providing crucial insights for future sustainable use and management of wild and economically important medicinal plants in the grasslands of Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and other regions. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. ནང་དོན་གནད་བསྡུས 近年来，全球范围内对于中草药的需求激增，导致不可持续的采集实践频发。但目前关于采集者对于药用植物的采集偏好，以及如何影响可持续利用和管理仍知之甚少。本章节主要有三个对于可持续管理至关重要的发现: (1)当有其它选择时，相较于选择一种植物采集，当地人更倾向于不采集任何的植物。且当选择采集一种植物时，藏族采集者也更倾向与采集所需部位为花朵和种子的植物，而不是根类植物。使用工具方面，相较于大型铁制工具，藏族采集者更倾向于使用传统的木制工具；(2)村规民约的遵守程度和生态观与采集部位和采集收入对采集偏好具有交互效应，此外采集者的采集偏好对于生计变化最为敏感，对其它类别的情景影响不显著；(3)本研究揭示了三个不同的采集者群体，具有显著的异质性。具体而言，超过60%的人对可持续做法有强烈的偏好，而剩余一组则没有可持续采集倾向。综上所述，本章内容揭示了本地人采集偏好的驱动因素和采集实践的异质性， 旨在为未来青藏高原地区和其他资源分布地区经济药用植物资源的可持续利用和管理提供重要见解。. ནང་དོན་གནད་བསྡུས  གོ་ལ་ཧྲིལ་བོའི་ཁྱབ་ཁོངས་སུ་ཀྲུང་ལུགས་གསོ་རིག་སྨན་རྩྭའི་དགོས་མཁོ་མགྱོགས་མྱུར་ངང་འཕར་བ་དེས་སྨན་རྩྭའི་རིགས་འཚོལ་སྡུད་ཀྱི་ལག་ལེན་རྒྱུན་མཐུན་མི་ཐུབ་པར་ཤུགས་རྐྱེན་ཐེབས་པ་མྱུར་ཞིང་མིག་སྔར་འཚོལ་སྡུད་མཁན་གྱིས་སྨན་དུ་སྤྱོད་པའི་སྐྱེ་དངོས་འཚོལ་བསྡུའི་དགའ་ཕྱོགས་དེས་རྒྱུན་མཐུད་བེད་སྤྱོད་དོ་དམ་སྐོར་ལ་ཤུགས་རྐྱེན་ཅི་ལྟར་ཐེབས་ཀྱིན་པའི་སྐོར་རྒྱུས་ལོན་བྱས་པ་སྔར་བཞིན་ཉུང་། རྩོམ་འདིར་རྒྱུན་མཐུད་བེད་སྤྱོད་དོ་དམ་ལ་གལ་འགངས་ཤིན་ཏུ་ཆེ་བའི་གསར་རྟོགས་གསུམ་ཡོད་པ་སྟེ། (༡) ས་གནས་འདིའི་མི་རྣམས་ལ་གདམ་ག་གཞན་ཡོད་པའི་སྐབས་སུ་སྐྱེ་དངོས་འཚོལ་སྡུད་ཀྱི་བྱ་བར་མི་དགའ་བར་མ་ཟད། གལ་སྲིད་འཚོལ་སྡུད་ཀྱི་བྱ་བ་བྱེད་དགོས་ཀྱང་མི་རྣམས་མེ་ཏོག་དང་འབྲས་བུ་འཚོལ་སྡུད་བྱས་ཆོག་པའི་སྐྱེ་དངོས་འཚོལ་སྡུད་ལ་དགའ་བ་ལས་རྩད་པའི་རིགས་བརྐོ་བཏུ་བྱེད་དགོས་པའི་སྐྱེ་དངོས་འཚོལ་སྡུད་བྱ་བར་མི་དགའ། ལག་ཆའི་སྐོར་ནས་ཀྱང་བོངས་ཆེ་བའི་ལྕགས་རིགས་ལག་ཆ་བཀོལ་བ་ལས་སྲོལ་རྒྱུན་གྱི་ཤིང་བཟོས་ལག་ཆ་བེད་སྤྱོད་བྱེད་པར་དགའ། (༢)སྡེ་གཞུང་གི་གོམས་སྲོལ་བརྩི་སྲུང་གི་གནས་ཚུལ་དང་སྐྱེ་ཁམས་ལྟ་བ། སྐྱེ་དངོས་ཀྱི་གང་མཁོ་བའི་ཆ་ཤས་དང་ཡོང་འབབ་བཅས་ཀྱིས་འཚོལ་སྡུད་མཁན་གྱི་དགའ་ཕྱོགས་ལ་ཤུགས་རྐྱེན་ཐེབས་ཀྱིན་ཡོད་པར་མ་ཟད།འཚོལ་སྡུད་མཁན་གྱི་འཚོ་ཐབས་ཀྱི་འགྱུར་བས་དེར་ཤུགས་རྐྱེན་ཐེབས་པ་ཆེས་ཟབ་ཀྱང་གནས་ཚུལ་གཞན་ལ་ཤུགས་རྐྱེན་ཐེབས་པ་མངོན་གསལ་མིན། (༣)ཞིབ་འཇུག་འདིར་ངོ་བོ་མི་འདྲ་བའི་འཚོལ་སྡུད་བྱེད་མཁན་རིགས་གསུམ་ཡོད་པ་གསལ་བོར་བསྟན་ཡོད་ཅིང་བྱེ་ཏུ་བཤད་ན། ༦༠%ལས་བརྒལ་བའི་འཚོལ་སྡུད་མཁན་ལ་རྒྱུན་མཐུད་བྱེད་ཕྱོགས་ཀྱི་སྐོར་ལ་མོས་པ་མངོན་གསལ་དོད་པོ་ཡོད་ཅིང་གཞན་པའི་རིགས་དེར་རྒྱུན་མཐུད་འཚོལ་སྡུད་ཀྱི་སྐོར་ལ་མོས་པ་མེད། མདོར་བསྡུས་ནས་བཤད་ན། རྩོམ་འདིར་གནས་འདིའི་མི་རྣམས་ཀྱི་སྨན་རྩྭའི་རིགས་གང་ཞིག་འཚོལ་སྡུད་བྱ་བའི་དགའ་ཕྱོགས་ལ་ཤུགས་རྐྱེན་ཐེབས་པའི་རྒྱུ་རྐྱེན་དང་འཚོལ་སྡུད་ཀྱི་ངོ་བོ་མི་འདྲ་བའི་རང་བཞིན་བཅས་གསལ་བོར་བཏོན་ནས་འབྱུང་འགྱུར་གྱི་དུས་དུ་མཚོ་བོད་མཐོ་སྒང་ས་ཁུལ་དང་ཐོན་ཁུངས་གཞན་ཀྱི་རིགས་ཁྱབ་པའི་ས་ཁུལ་དཔལ་འབྱོར་གྱི་སྨན་བཀོལ་སྐྱེ་དངོས་ཐོན་ཁུངས་རྒྱུན་མཐུད་བེད་སྤྱོད་དང་དོ་དམ་བྱ་རྒྱུའི་སྐོར་ལ་ལྟ་ཚུལ་གལ་ཆེན་འདོན་པ་དམིགས་སུ་བཟུང་ཡོད།. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.