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A bstract We consider a simplified model of double scaled SYK (DSSYK) in which the Hamiltonian is the position operator of the Harmonic oscillator. This model captures the high temperature limit of DSSYK but could also be defined as a quantum theory in its own right. We study properties of the emergent geometry including its dynamics in response to inserting matter particles. In particular, we find that the model displays de Sitter-like properties such as that infalling matter reduces the rate of growth of geodesic slices between the two boundaries. The simplicity of the model allows us to compute the full generating functional for correlation functions of the length mode or any number of matter operators. We provide evidence that the effective action of the geodesic length between boundary points is non-local. Furthermore, we use the on-shell solution for the geodesic lengths between any two boundary points to reconstruct an effective bulk metric and reverse engineer the dilaton gravity theory that generates this metric as a solution.

A bstract We study the kinetic theory of a weakly interacting quantum field. Assuming a state that is close to homogeneous and stationary, we derive a closed kinetic equation for the rate of change of the occupation numbers, perturbatively in the coupling. For a dilute gas, this reproduces the quantum Boltzmann equation, which only accounts for two-to-two scattering processes. Our expression goes beyond this, with terms accounting for multi-particle scattering processes, which are higher order in the density.

A bstract Electric fields can spontaneously decay via the Schwinger effect, the nucleation of a charged particle-anti particle pair separated by a critical distance d . What happens if the available distance is smaller than d ? Previous work on this question has produced contradictory results. Here, we study the quantum evolution of electric fields when the field points in a compact direction with circumference L < d using the massive Schwinger model, quantum electrodynamics in one space dimension with massive charged fermions. We uncover a new and previously unknown set of instantons that result in novel physics that disagrees with all previous estimates. In parameter regimes where the field value can be well-defined in the quantum theory, generic initial fields E are in fact stable and do not decay , while initial values that are quantized in half-integer units of the charge E = ( k/ 2) g with k ∈ ℤ oscillate in time from +( k/ 2) g to − ( k/ 2) g , with exponentially small probability of ever taking any other value. We verify our results with four distinct techniques: numerically by measuring the decay directly in Lorentzian time on the lattice, numerically using the spectrum of the Hamiltonian, numerically and semi-analytically using the bosonized description of the Schwinger model, and analytically via our instanton estimate.

We consider a simplified model of double scaled SYK (DSSYK) in which the Hamiltonian is the position operator of the Harmonic oscillator. This model captures the high temperature limit of DSSYK but could also be defined as a quantum theory in its own right. We study properties of the emergent geometry including its dynamics in response to inserting matter particles. In particular, we find that the model displays de Sitter-like properties such as that infalling matter reduces the rate of growth of geodesic slices between the two boundaries. The simplicity of the model allows us to compute the full generating functional for correlation functions of the length mode or any number of matter operators. We provide evidence that the effective action of the geodesic length between boundary points is non-local. Furthermore, we use the on-shell solution for the geodesic lengths between any two boundary points to reconstruct an effective bulk metric and reverse engineer the dilaton gravity theory that generates this metric as a solution.

Electric fields can spontaneously decay via the Schwinger effect, the nucleation of a charged particle-anti particle pair separated by a critical distance \\(d\\). What happens if the available distance is smaller than \\(d\\)? Previous work on this question has produced contradictory results. Here, we study the quantum evolution of electric fields when the field points in a compact direction with circumference \\(L < d\\) using the massive Schwinger model, quantum electrodynamics in one space dimension with massive charged fermions. We uncover a new and previously unknown set of instantons that result in novel physics that disagrees with all previous estimates. In parameter regimes where the field value can be well-defined in the quantum theory, generic initial fields \\(E\\) are in fact stable and do not decay, while initial values that are quantized in half-integer units of the charge \\(E = (k/2) g\\) with \\(k\\in \\mathbb Z\\) oscillate in time from \\(+(k/2) g\\) to \\(-(k/2) g\\), with exponentially small probability of ever taking any other value. We verify our results with four distinct techniques: numerically by measuring the decay directly in Lorentzian time on the lattice, numerically using the spectrum of the Hamiltonian, numerically and semi-analytically using the bosonized description of the Schwinger model, and analytically via our instanton estimate.

We study the kinetic theory of a weakly interacting quantum field. Assuming a state that is close to homogeneous and stationary, we derive a closed kinetic equation for the rate of change of the occupation numbers, perturbatively in the coupling. For a dilute gas, this reproduces the quantum Boltzmann equation, which only accounts for two-to-two scattering processes. Our expression goes beyond this, with terms accounting for multi-particle scattering processes, which are higher order in the density.

Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of breast cancer and a common cause of morbidity and mortality from the disease. During metastasis secreted proteins play crucial roles in the interactions between cancer cells and host stroma. To characterize the secreted proteins that are associated with breast cancer bone metastasis, we preformed a label-free proteomic analysis to compare the secretomes of four MDA-MB-231 （MDA231） derivative cell lines with varied capacities of bone metastasis. A total of 128 proteins were found to be consistently up-/down-regulated in the conditioned medium of bone-tropic cancer cells. The enriched molecular functions of the altered proteins included receptor binding and peptidase inhibition. Through additional transcriptomic analyses of breast cancer cells, we selected cystatin E/M （CST6）, a cysteine protease inhibitor down-regulated in bone-metastatic cells, for further functional studies. Our results showed that CST6 suppressed the proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. The suppressive function against cancer cell motility was carried out by cancer cell-derived soluble CST6. More importantly, ectopic expression of CST6 in cancer cells rescued mice from overt osteolytic metastasis and deaths in the animal study, while CST6 knockdown markedly enhanced cancer cell bone metastasis and shortened animal survival. Overall, our study provided a systemic secretome analysis of breast cancer bone tropism and established secreted CST6 as a bonafide suppressor of breast cancer osteolytic metastasis.

We point out that a classical analogue of the SYK model -- a solvable model of quantum many-body chaos -- was studied long ago in the turbulence literature. Motivated by the Navier-Stokes equation in the turbulent regime, in which there is mixing between many different modes, the random coupling model has a Gaussian-random coupling between any four of a large \\(N\\) number of modes. The model was solved in the 1960s, before the introduction of large \\(N\\) path integral techniques, using a method referred to as the direct interaction approximation. We use the path integral to derive the effective action for the model. The large \\(N\\) saddle gives an integral equation for the two-point function, which is very similar to the corresponding equation in the SYK model. The connection between the SYK model and the random coupling model may, on the one hand, provide new physical contexts in which to realize the SYK model and, on the other hand, suggest new models of turbulence and techniques for studying them.

The simplest examples of chaotic maps are linear, area-preserving maps on the circle, torus, or product of tori; respectively known as the Bernoulli map, the cat map, and the recently introduced \"spatiotemporal\" cat map. We study correlation functions in these maps. For the Bernoulli map, we compute the correlation functions in a variety of ways: by direct computation of the integral, through Fourier series, through symbolic dynamics, and through periodic orbits. In relation to the more standard treatment in terms of eigenfunctions of the Perron-Frobenius operator, some of these methods are simpler and also extend to multipoint correlation functions. For the cat map, we compute correlation functions through a Fourier expansion, review and expand on a prior treatment of two-point functions by Crawford and Cary, and discuss the limitations of shadowing. Finally, for the spatiotemporal cat map -- intended to be a model of many-body chaos -- we show that connected correlation functions of local operators vanish.

Microcapsules composed of synthetic polymeric matrices have attracted considerable attention in delivering oral probiotics. However, existing polymeric microcapsules demonstrate inadequate acid resistance and adaptability, as well as deficiency in the inflamed colon-specificity and uncontrolled release of probiotics therein. Herein, a DNA microcapsule is prepared as a probiotic-transporting micromotor through photo-crosslinking of hyaluronic acid methacrylate and acrydite-modified A-/C-rich oligomers within the microfludically generated droplets in the presence of nitric oxide-cleavable crosslinker and gas donor manganese carbonyl (MnCO). As the microcapsules traverse stomach, duodenum, and ultimately colon, the formation and dissociation of A-motif and i-motif structures instigate a reversible shrinking-swelling transition of microcapsules to preserve probiotic viability. Subsequently, the microcapsules exhibit chemotaxis towards inflamed colon site, driven by a gas-generating reaction between MnCO and elevated reactive oxygen species. Following disintegration of the microcapsules, triggered by endogenous nitric oxide, probiotics are released to reshape the dysbiosis of intestinal microflora. This advanced delivery system offers significant promise for the effective clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease. Oral delivery of probiotics faces challenges in survival and targeting. Here, the authors report on acid-resistant chemotactic DNA micromotors which protect probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract, and tissue microenvironmental responsiveness for micromotor targeting to the inflamed colon and triggered release of probiotics.